Turner's Phenomena of Geography.

Turner's section A View of the Earth examines the discoveries that have been made pertaining to the realm of geography up to the late 18th century.  Map making during this period of time was extremely difficult, and during his research, Turner encountered many "phaenomena" in regards to the geographical discoveries of the time.  

Immediately following A View of the Earth, Turner presents a section called "Geographical Phaenomena"[1] outlining these observations that he has encountered.  Some of these include:

Phaenomenon III: "If you draw a Meridian Line with a pencil from one pole to the other, through the middle of the illuminated Hemisphere, then in all places under that line it is noon; in those places situate to the west, it is morning, for with them the Sun is eastward; and in those places situate on the east, it is evening, for with them the Sun is seen hastening away to the west" [2].

• In this particular phenomenon, Turner is describing what we currently refer to as time zones.  Different positions on the Earth are at different vantage points in relation to the Sun, and therefore, experience different parts of the day.  Turner uses a straight line down the Earth to illustrate his explanation, saying that where you fall in relation to the line determines what part of the day you are experiencing.  

Phaenomenon IV: "The globe still remaining in the same position, you may see on the east side in what nations the sun is stealing away, and the curtain of night drawing after it; and on the western side of the globe you may observe how the sun creeps upon it, driving the darkness before him, and blessing the benighted inhabitants with the glories of the coming day" [3].

• This phenomenon, similar to the previous one, talks about how the two sides of the Earth experience opposite times of the day.  The Sun is only ever shining it's light on one side of the Earth at once, so naturally the side facing away is covered in darkness.  Therefore, one side of the Earth is experiencing daylight while the other one is experiencing night time, and Turner observes this consistent phenomenon.