1 50 958 https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/5eca27967bf3730626185c12e7cffd54.pdf 58f83c1bd0a39447428a1ba1d5846843 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project Description An account of the resource Cache Valley, Utah is the home of Burmese Muslim, Karen, and Eritrean refugees. Documenting and preserving their stories is an important goal of Utah State University&rsquo;s Fife Folklore Archives (FFA). In May 2015, USU&rsquo;s FFA and Folklore Program, with help from the Karen community, hosted a Library of Congress Field School for Cultural Documentation: &ldquo;Voices: Refugees in Cache Valley.&rdquo; Field school students worked to document Cache Valley&rsquo;s recent refugee communities. This collection, <a href="http://nwda.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv67608">Folk Coll 58: Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project</a>, houses the physical recordings and associated materials of the interviews which took place during this field school.<br /><br />You can see the original collection at:&nbsp;<a href="http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/p16944coll14">http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/p16944coll14</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Warner-Evans, Hilary, 1994; Warner-Evans, Hilary, 1994-; Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Western Lowland Eritrea; Ethiopia; Egypt; New York, NY; New Haven, CT; Idaho; Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Afeworki Woldemichael, 1979-; Williams, Heidi, 1989-; Berhane Debesai Abraha, 1980-; Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2015-05-17 Description An account of the resource Afeworki Woldemichael talks about his family and home in Eritrea. He discusses his time in a refugee camp in Ethiopia, where he met his wife and had two children, his journey to the United States, living in Connecticut, Idaho, and Utah. He discusses his adjustments to life in the United States, and expresses hopes to improve his English to be better able to communicate with the people of Logan. He talks about what the future of his family will be like when his wife and children come join him. Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Afeworki Woldemichael Page 1 CACHE VALLEY REFUGEE ORAL HISTORY PROJECT TRANSCRIPTION COVER SHEET Interviewee: Afeworki Woldemichael Present: Afeworki Woldemichael, Heidi Williams, Magen Olsen, Berhane Debesai Abraha, Hilary Warner-Evans Place of Interview: Mr. Woldemichael's apartment in Logan, Utah Date of Interview: 17 May 2015 Language(s): Tigrinya; English Interpretation: Berhane Debesai Abraha: Live translator Interviewer: Hilary Warner-Evans Recordist: Magen Olsen Recording Equipment: Tascam DR-100mk11 linear PCM recorder; Senal ENG-18RL broadcast-quality omnidirectional dynamic microphone Transcription Equipment: Express Scribe Transcribed by: Hilary Warner-Evans, May 21, 2015 Transcript Proofed by: Hilary Warner-Evans, May 25, 2015 Brief Description of Contents: Afeworki Woldemichael talks about his family and home in Eritrea. He discusses his time in a refugee camp in Ethiopia, where he met his wife and had two children, his journey to the United States, living in Connecticut, Idaho, and Utah. He discusses his adjustments to life in the United States, and expresses hopes to improve his English to be better able to communicate with the people of Logan. He talks about what the future of his family will be like when his wife and children come join him. Reference: HWE= Hilary Warner-Evans (Interviewer) HWEI= Hilary Warner-Evans' words being interpreted by translator AW= Afeworki Woldemichael (Interviewee) AWI= Afeworki Woldemichael's words being interpreted by translator BDA= Berhane Debesai Abraha HW= Heidi Williams NOTE: The interview was conducted with the assistance of a live translator, Berhane Debesai Abraha. The interpreter arrived about ten minutes later than the interviewer, photographer, and recordist but is present from the beginning of the transcript. False starts, pauses, or transitions in Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Afeworki Woldemichael Page 2 dialogue such as “uh” and starts and stops in conversations are not included in transcript. All additions and added information to transcript are noted with brackets. TAPE TRANSCRIPTION [00:01] [Checking microphone. Indistinguishable talk from HWE, BDA, and AW. AW tapping mic.] HWE: Okay. It's May 17th 2015. This is Hilary Warner-Evans interviewing Afeworki Woldemichael, a member of the Eritrean community here in Logan, Utah. And we're at his apartment in Logan. Also present is Berhane Debesai Abraha, who is translating, from Tigrinya and Magen Olsen, who is doing the recording, and Heidi Williams, doing photography. So, can you give your full name again and your birth year? HWEI: [Repeating question in Tigrinya] AW: Okay. May 24, is birthday next Monday [laughs] BDA: [quietly] Sunday. AW: Yeah, my–. Yeah, next Sunday. Yeah. AWI: His birthday is May 24th [unclear] AW: Yeah. HW: [to BDA] And yours is twentieth. BDA: Mm-hm AW: May 24. HWEI: [Speaking in Tigrinya to interviewee.] AW: 1979 AWI: Yeah. May 24th 1979. HWEI: [Speaking in Tigrinya to interviewee.] AW: Afeworki Woldemichael. HWE: And what languages do you speak? Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Afeworki Woldemichael Page 3 AW: Tigrinya. HWE: Can you tell me about your family? AW: Yeah. HWEI: [Repeating question in Tigrinya.] AW: Okay. HWEI: [Speaking in Tigrinya to Interviewee.] AW: Okay First, my brother, Nguse Gebreyohannes [??]. Gebreyohannes. And the last name, Woldemichael. Woldemichael. By Tigrinya, Woldemichael. By English, Woldemichael. [laughs] [02:16] HWEI: [Speaking in Tigrinya to interviewee.] AW: Yeah. AWI: Yeah, his oldest brother is Nguse Woldemichael, but the way we write it is different so we– [Speaks in Tigrinya to interviewee.] AW: Gebreyohannes. AWI: Nguse Gebreyohannes Woldemichael. Okay. AW: Second– My mother born ten people. HWEI: [Speaking in Tigrinya to interviewee.] AW: Yeah. HWE: Wow. AWI: His mother have ten children. AW: And we have seven people. And three people is died. AWI: He's got seven siblings and three of his siblings, they died. Deceased. Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Afeworki Woldemichael Page 4 AW: Two brothers in the independence. [Speaking in Tigrinya.] HWEI: [Speaking in Tigrinya to interviewee.] AW: [Speaking in Tigrinya.] AWI: One of his brothers, he died when we're struggling for independence. That means before 1991 against Ethiopia, the war. And the other brother died when we were defending our country in the second war between 1997 to 2001. And his eldest brother he died from too much alcoholism. AW: [Speaking in Tigrinya.] [04:12] AWI: Do you guys need the names of all his siblings? HWE: [hesitates] Probably not, but– HWEI: [Repeating statement in Tigrinya] HWE: –I don't know. AW: [Speaking in Tigrinya.] HWEI: [Speaking in Tigrinya.] AW: Nine boys and one girl. [laughs] AWI: He got eight brothers and one sister including him as one of the ten. So now he got six brothers and one sister. AW: Yeah. HWEI: Five brothers? AW: Six brothers. One– HWEI: One sister. AW: One sister. HWEI: Or five brothers. [Asking question in Tigrinya] AW: Yeah. [laughs] [Speaking in Tigrinya] Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Afeworki Woldemichael Page 5 AWI: He has five brothers and one sister. Including him there are seven surviving siblings. HWE: And you have a wife too, right? HWEI: [Repeating question in Tigrinya.] AW: Yes. HWE: Yeah. Do you have any children? HWEI: [Repeating question in Tigrinya.] AW: Yeah. Two boys. HWE: And are they back in Eritrea? HWEI: [Repeating question in Tigrinya] AW: [Responding in Tigrinya.] AWI: They are in the Ethiopian refugee camp. HWE: Okay. How old are your children? HWEI: [Repeating question in Tigrinya.] AW: One, four years. And the other, [speaks in Tigrinya.] AWI: His oldest is four years and his youngest, he will be two in September. [06:04] HWE: What ethnic or religious community do you consider yourself to be a part of? HWEI: [Repeating question in Tigrinya.] AW: Orthodox. HWEI: Eritrean Orthodox mission? AW: Yeah. AWI: He is a follower of the Eritrean Orthodox church. Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Afeworki Woldemichael Page 6 HWE: And you are a follower of the church here in Logan, right? Or, I mean, not Logan but in Utah. HWEI: [Repeating question in Tigrinya]. AW: Yeah. HWE: Can you tell me about your birth county? HWEI: [Repeating question in Tigrinya.] AW: [Speaking in Tigrinya.] HWEI: [Speaking in Tigrinya.] AW: My country very good, has mountains. All the mountains. Utah, the same in Utah. [laughs] Good country. [Speaking in Tigrinya.] AWI: He says, Eritrea is beautiful. It has so many mountains just like Utah. It has highlands and lowlands. It has two seasons. HWE: And are you– You're from the highland part? HWEI: [Repeating question in Tigrinya.] AW: [Responding in Tigrinya.] AWI: He is from the lowlands. HWE: Oh, okay. So, what did your family do for work? Were they a farming family? [8:07] HWEI: [Repeating question in Tigrinya.] AW: [Responding in Tigrinya.] AWI: They were irrigation farmers. HWE: Okay. HWEI: [Speaking in Tigrinya to interviewee.] AW: [Responding in Tigrinya.] Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Afeworki Woldemichael Page 7 AWI: Yeah, they are irrigation farmers. AW: Yes. HWE: What kinds of crops did they grow? HWEI: [Repeating question in Tigrinya] AW: [Responding in Tigrinya] AWI: Corn, Sorghum. Do you guys know Sorghum? It grows like corn but there's grains on the top. AW: [Speaking in Tigrinya]. AWI: And Dagusa. AW: [laughs] AWI: I told you, remember, it's used for local drinks. They raise it, but– [speaking in Tigrinya to interviewee.] AW: [Speaking in Tigrinya.] [laughs] AWI: He doesn't know how to call it in English, but we just call it Dagusa and we use it for drinks, local drinks. And, is it called sesame? It's a grain. They use it for oil? Sesame. HWE: Yeah, sesame. AWI: Yeah, sesame. HWE: How long did you live in Eritrea? HWEI: [Repeating question in Tigrinya.] AW: All day. [Responding in Tigrinya.] AWI: All my life until I moved to the Ethiopian refugee camp. HWE: How old were you when you went to the camp? HWEI: [Repeating question in Tigrinya.] AW: [Responding in Tigrinya.] Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Afeworki Woldemichael Page 8 AWI: He was twenty-seven going to twenty-eight years. HWE: Why did you leave Eritrea? [10:00] HWEI: [Repeating the question in Tigrinya.] AW: [Responding in Tigrinya.] AWI: There was no job and no job opportunities so I just wanted to improve my life and I moved for a another place. HWE: And what was the experience like of leaving? HWEI: [Repeating question in Tigrinya.] AW: [Responding in Tigrinya.] AWI: His home town is near the border of Eritrea and Ethiopia and it was a war. Eritrea and Ethiopia, they are in kind of semi-war yet. And where he raised, the area he was raised, he knows everything, where to go, which to go and he knows which front line, which lines are Ethiopian front lines. So it's easy for him. He can go daytime or nighttime because he knows who is where so it was not a big deal for him to cross the border. [12:00] HWE: So when you crossed the border, you went to Ethiopia. And were you trying to go anywhere– What was your final destination you were attempting to go to? HWEI: [Repeating question in Tigrinya]. AW: [Responding in Tigrinya.] AWI: Yeah, when he leaving his home town in Eritrea, he got two options. His first option was to stay in the refugee camp and to work to America and other countries, maybe Europe, maybe Australia. If that option was not possible, his second option was to go to Sudan, Libya, cross the mediterranean and to go to Europe. HWE: Okay. What was your experience like in the refugee camp? HWEI: [Repeating question in Tigrinya.] AWI: [Responding in Tigrinya.] Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Afeworki Woldemichael Page 9 [BDA's phone rings and he turns it off.] [14:00] AWI: He said, life was tough in the refugee camp because they didn't give them anything. At first, they were giving them only fifteen kilos of wheat. AW: Per month. AWI: Per month. Sometimes you don't have money to grind them and make them into bread or something. Sometimes he just boiled them, put salt on it, and just eat it. But after that, some of them, they get money, borrow it from friends and some of them they just get– Or they have to work for themselves in that area, farming, whatever they can. HWE: And did you end up working while you were there? HWEI: [Repeating the question in Tigrinya.] AW: [Responding in Tigrinya.] AWI: Yeah, in the surrounding areas near the refugee camp they were working physical work, laborers, sometimes on the grain harvest. In seasons they work as weeders because we have to weed the fields by our hand. HWE: And, so with the money you earned by working eventually could you buy more food? HWEI: [Repeating the question in Tigrinya.] AW: [Responding in Tigrinya.] HWEI: [Speaking in Tigrinya to interviewee.] AW: [Responding in Tigrinya.] [16:08] AWI: So at first they were giving them only 15 kilos of wheat and a liter and a half of oil so they could not do anything with it. So they work and they earn money and they have to buy tomatoes, onions, and other stuff to make their own soup. But starting 2009 they started giving them around 800 milligrams of sugar, might be around two pounds of sugar, per month. And some times they were giving them some kind of soup. It's made up of wheat or something like that. So the only thing they have to do is work and earn money and make their own food. HWE: What kind of medical care was available at the camp? Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Afeworki Woldemichael Page 10 HWEI: [Repeating question in Tigrinya.] AW: [Responding in Tigrinya.] HWEI: [Speaking to interviewee in Tigrinya.] AW: [Responding in Tigrinya.] AWI: The medical care, that was okay. But the problem was the medical care was provided by IRC. I think it's the International Refugee Commission. But all the doctors are Ethiopians and they speak Amharic. And they just wanted to speak Amharic. They don't want to talk in Tigrinya. And they don't know Tigrinya. But relatively they are okay and if you can communicate with them you get good medical care. [18:04] HWE: So was your wife with you in the camp? HWEI: [Repeating question in Tigrinya.] AW: [Responding in Tigrinya.] AWI: Okay, his wife is Ethiopian. He met her. She was his friend, or girlfriend. So they were living together when he got his process finished and he already got his visa. They make it official. They get married. [Speaking in Tigrinya to interviewee.] AW: [Responding in Tigrinya.] AWI: [Speaking in Tigrinya to interviewee.] AW: [Responding in Tigrinya.] AWI: On September 20th, 2012 they make it official because he was coming here. If he has to claim her as a girlfriend that doesn't work. He has to marry her. But they met in Ethiopia in 2010 and they were staying together. HWE: So when you were in the camp you were living with your wife for most of that time? HWEI: [Repeating question in Tigrinya.] [19:48] AW: [Responding in Tigrinya.] Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Afeworki Woldemichael Page 11 HWEI: [Speaking in Tigrinya to interviewee.] AW: [Speaking in Tigrinya.] AWI: He met his wife in the Ethiopian villages because he was going over there to work. Then when they get pregnant, when she had a baby, he brought her over to the refugee camp because the baby is his. The baby is Eritrean even though he was born in Ethiopia. So he brought her to the camp and the baby has to register as a refugee like him. Then he convinced her, hey, better stay with me. If I get a chance to go abroad then I'm going to claim you as my wife. Then she stayed with him. But first, until she got her first baby, she was living with her parents and he was living in the camp but he was working outside the camp. And at that time he saved some money and he bought a carriage, something you pull with the horse. [Speaking to interviewee in Tigrinya.] AW: [Responding in Tigrinya.] AWI: But sometimes they pull it with a donkey. So he was working with it transporting stuffs over there. HWE: And can you describe your living conditions in the camp? HWEI: [Repeating question in Tigrinya.] [coughs] Sorry, I have to drink water. [Repeating question in Tigrinya.] [21:51] AW: [Responding in Tigrinya.] AWI: Yeah, at first life was so hard. Because of all the people over there. They speak the same language because they are on the border with Eritrea, but all cultures and the way we think is different. And we are enemies. We are at war. So at first we don't want to talk to them. They don't trust us. We don't trust them. But we [??] them. We work with them. We start trading with them, buying stuff from them. And they buy stuff from the refugees. And then we start to just become kind of one people. Nobody cares for the refugees and that. But at first it was hard. HWE: And were you living with anyone else when you were in the camp? HWEI: [Repeating question in Tigrinya] [23:45] AW: [Responding in Tigrinya] HWEI: [Speaking to interviewee in Tigrinya.] Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Afeworki Woldemichael Page 12 AW: [Responding in Tigrinya.] HWEI: [Speaking to interviewee in Tigrinya.] AW: [Responding in Tigrinya.] [26:05] AWI: Yeah, at first when he was crossing into Ethiopia in 2005, you know, when the refugees, when they, you go in the office, they call, they give you some paper work. They arrange to interview you and they give you some coin to get the wheat and the oil. But they just say, hey, you can get wheat and oil with this one but you are on your own so he doesn't have anything. He doesn't know anyone in the camp. So there was a tea shop over there and the tea shop was just made up of tin but they sell teas. So he was sitting over there and some of the refugees who came before him, maybe a year or so, they saw him and they told him, “Oh, you look like you're new. Where do you live.” And he said, “I just arrived here. They drop me here by a car. I have no where to go.” And they told me, “Okay, you can live with us.” And he lived with them for two years. Then after that he started working in the surrounding areas and he started saving some money and over there you just build your own home. Nobody owns the land. It just belongs to the refugee camp. So there were some people, they were going to Israel in the Middle East. So they just sold their home to him and he bought that home and he started living by himself. And in 2008 the refugee commission from the United States, they started registering to come to the United States and they got a group case. And they were waiting for their group case and meanwhile he met with his wife. They got a child. Then she moved back with him. Until he comes here, he was living with his wife. And he was talking about his two friends, the ones who accepted him first. One of them, he came to Denver but for some reason he deceased. And the other one, he didn't get to come to America. They rejected his case. I don't know why but he's in Germany. [28:07] HWE: How did you celebrate holidays when you were in the camp, or did you celebrate them at all? HWEI: [Repeating question in Tigrinya.] AW: [Responding in Tigrinya.] AWI: He said, it depends on your attitude and on your brain. If you got things you put it first, food and other stuff. If you don't have anything, just buy vegetables because they are the cheapest over there. Just, you have to do what you have to do. HWE: And did you get together with other people to celebrate at all? Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Afeworki Woldemichael Page 13 HWEI: [Repeating question in Tigrinya.] AW: [Responding in Tigrinya.] [30:14] AWI: Yeah, he said, we were refugees. Most of the time we lived close to each other, we hung out together, we discussed about what we have to do because we don't want to live on the welfare of the refugee camp. We want to earn money and improve our life. So during holidays we always shared what we got. Some people have money. Some of them they don't have. So if your neighbors or other people you know, if you know they don't have anything and if you know they are bachelors or singles, you just invite them, “Hey, come tomorrow. I'm going to make food or buy a sheep or a chicken, whatever you've got, or meat.” If they are families, because families they want to spend the holiday together, you just share what you've got with them. You tell them, “Hey, tomorrow is a holiday, I know you guys don't have anything. Here's this thing and celebrate the holiday.” But you share whatever you got. It can be meat. It can be food. It can be vegetables. Whatever. HWE: Did you do anything else besides just eat together? HWEI: [Repeating question in Tigrinya.] AW: [Responding in Tigrinya.] HWEI: [Speaking to interviewee in Tigrinya.] [32:00] AW: [Responding in Tigrinya.] [laughs] AWI: He's saying, we just get together. We make coffee. If they've got a woman most of the time the woman do coffee. If they don't have a woman, they just make it themselves. And we discuss about their cultures because some people they were from the highlands, some people from the western lowlands, some people from the eastern lowlands, that means from the coast of the Red Sea. And we discuss about the way they live in their areas, how they live, how they celebrate things, their culture and they just communicate and discuss about cultures and things. And I asked him, do you guys dance, he said, how are we going to dance? [Speaking to interviewee in Tigrinya.] AW: [Responding in Tigrinya.] [laughs] AWI: They don't have record or a CD player or something to play the song, so you don't dance without the music. Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Afeworki Woldemichael Page 14 HWE: There were no musicians? HWEI: [Repeating question in Tigrinya.] AW: [Responding in Tigrinya.] HWEI: [Speaking in Tigrinya to interviewee.] AW: [Responding in Tigrinya.] AWI: There were musicians. They were funded by the IRC. Or because they were by the IRC. But they perform only on the holidays assigned by the IRC. It can be a Women's Day, a Refugees' Day, Eritrean Independence Day. But they don't celebrate all holidays. HWE: What kinds of instruments did they play? HWEI: [Repeating question in Tigrinya.] AW: [Responding in Tigrinya.] [34:03] AWI: They played guitar, organ, but– AW: [Speaking in Tigrinya] AWI: –we got our own equipment. We call it Krar. It's kind of guitar. But there was nobody that could play saxophone. Because they had the instrument, but there is no person who can play it. HWE: And was the way you celebrated holidays in the camp, was that similar to how you celebrated them in Eritrea? HWEI: [Repeating in Tigrinya.] AW: Yeah. AWI: Yeah. HWE: Did you get a sense at all of how Ethiopia felt about having all of the refugees in their country? HWEI: [Repeating question in Tigrinya.] AW: [Responding in Tigrinya.] Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Afeworki Woldemichael Page 15 [37:15] AWI: Yeah, at first it was hard and they don't even like us, because they were even physically attacking us, because there were some people who lost their teeth. There was a guy who was hit by an ax. And they are refugees. The only thing they can prepare their food is by firewood. And there were some people who went for the fire wood and the locals they were beating them. They were telling them, “This is our wood, what the heck are you doing with it?” They're all women. They got their wood and the locals, they just put fire on the wood. They are not taking it. They just put fire on it, but after some time, the government, the Ethiopian government. It was governing all the locals. It was telling them, “Hey, these guys are refugees in our country. We have to help them. We are the same people. We've got some political problems.” But some of them even, they were born in Ethiopia but after the war broke, they were deported back to Eritrea because they were born in Ethiopia, by blood they are Eritrean. They were deported. But the government tried to discuss with the locals. And with the refugees too. So they start to get off it and they were telling them they can get benefit because they accept the refugees, they can have political benefit from it. And there was some refugees' organization from the Netherlands. They came to the camp and they were teaching the refugees how to improve their life, how to breed chickens, how to make beans because it was forest, and when they were teaching the refugees, they were also teaching the locals together. So the locals think, oh, so if we keep the refugees, we can get a lot of benefit. And they start trading with them finally. Their difference doesn't exist and they start living together. But first they were all hostile and they don't want them to be in that area. [39:08] HWE: How did you learn about the US refugee program? HWEI: [Repeating question in Tigrinya.] AW: [Responding in Tigrinya.] [high pitched feedback noise 40:18] [40:59] AWI: At first, when he was living in Eritrea, he doesn't have any detailed knowledge of the refugee case for him to come to America. His main reason to go to Ethiopia was to go to Israel because he can cross through Sudan, but the border is so tough he cannot cross the Sudan. But since he lives by the border of Ethiopia he just crossed to Ethiopia. His idea was to go to Sudan, then Egypt, to Israel. But he was in Ethiopia and he was working on something, he was calling someone, things like that. And there were a lot of people going to Israel. To go to Israel from Ethiopia, you have to go to Sudan first, then cross all this desert. You have to go to North of Egypt, cross the Sinai peninsula, then you go to Israel. Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Afeworki Woldemichael Page 16 And it costs a lot of money. And so you have to get money from your parents if they've got some. Or you need someone or some relative in the United States or Europe because parts of it take a lot of money. And there are a lot of smugglers in the border between Israel and Egypt. But when these people who go to Israel, they get together over there and they start petitioning to the refugee commission for the United Nations. They tell them, “We're Eritreans. We've got a lot of political problems. We've got a lot of refugees in Ethiopia. You guys are not doing anything.” Then after that it is the UNHCR. I think it is a refugee commission. They collaborated with the United States and they started giving them group case and things like that. And they started immigrating to America. [42:43] HWE: Can you tell me about how you got to the US? HWEI: [Repeating question in Tigrinya.] AW: [Responding in Tigrinya.] HWEI: [Speaking in Tigrinya to interviewee.] AW: [laughs] HWEI: [Speaking in Tigrinya to interviewee.] AW: Yeah. AWI: When he was in the refugee camp, when they are approving him to go to the United States they have to wait for a flight because they send you when they have empty flights coming back from Ethiopia. His first flight was on January 15th, 2013. And they cancelled it. And the second flight was March 5, 2013. They also cancelled it. AW: [Speaking in Tigrinya] [high pitched feedback noise 44:09] AWI: Then there was another flight scheduled for him on April 4th, 2013. So from the refugee camp he moved to Addis Ababa because the airport is in Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia. AW: [Speaking in Tigrinya.] AWI: And they cancelled it again. AW: [Speaking in Tigrinya.] Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Afeworki Woldemichael Page 17 AWI: Then when you come to the United States you have to do medical check up for TB and other vaccinations. It works only for six months. Because they cancelled his schedule three times, his medical thing was expired. He has to retake it in Addis Ababa. [high pitched feedback noise 44:52 to 44:56] AW: [Speaking in Tigrinya.] AWI: After he get his medical, after 44 days, on June 18th, they told him, “Hey there is a flight. You're going to the United States on July 1st.” [Speaking in Tigrinya to interviewee.] AW: Yeah. AWI: Then he came to the United States on July the 1st. [Speaking in Tigrinya to interviewee.] AW: [Responding in Tigrinya.] AWI: So when he land, he went outside of the Bole airport where he take a flight to Egypt. They got a transit. From Egypt they flew directly to New York. From New York they took him by a bus to New Haven, Connecticut and he stayed there for five months. [46:13] HWE: Were there other refugees on the flight with you? HWEI: [Repeating question in Tigrinya.] AW: [Responding in Tigrinya.] [high pitched feedback noise 46:26] AWI: There were two Eritreans. There were Sudanese and Somalis too. HWE: What was it like living in New Haven? HWEI: [Repeating question in Tigrinya.] AW: [Responding in Tigrinya.] AWI: At first, the air is cold in Connecticut. He was raised in the lowlands of Eritrea and it's too hot. [Speaking in Tigrinya to interviewee.] AW: [Responding in Tigrinya.] AWI: Most of the time where he was raised, it was forty, forty-two, sometimes forty-five Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Afeworki Woldemichael Page 18 degrees centigrade. [high pitched feedback noise begins 47:43] That means 100 degrees Fahrenheit. So New Haven was so cold for him, so as soon as he arrived, when he got his papers, he started working with a landscaping company his second month because he came here to improve his life. [end noise 48:01] Then from his arrival after five months it gets too cold because he came in July. In December it gets too cold, then he moved to Idaho. [Speaking in Tigrinya to interviewee.] AW: [Speaking in Tigrinya.] HWEI: [Speaking in Tigrinya.] AW: [Responding in Tigrinya.] [high pitched feedback noise 48:35 to 48:37] HWEI: [Speaking in Tigrinya to interviewee.] AW: Mm-hmm. AWI: So in Idaho he was working two jobs. One of them was growing with a potato company and another one was with a cheese company. HWE: And before you started work in the US, did you get any help from the government or any religious organizations? HWEI: [Repeating question in Tigrinya.] AW: [Responding in Tigrinya.] HWEI: [Speaking in Tigrinya to interviewee.] AW: [Responding in Tigrinya.] HWEI: [Speaking in Tigrinya to interviewee.] AW: [Responding Tigrinya.] HWEI: [Speaking in Tigrinya to interviewee.] AW: [Responding in Tigrinya.] [50:00] HWEI: [Speaking in Tigrinya to interviewee.] Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Afeworki Woldemichael Page 19 AW: Yeah. AWI: They were taking food stamps from the workforce of that state, that means Connecticut. AW: [Speaking Tigrinya.] HWEI: [Speaking in Tigrinya to interviewee.] AW: [Responding in Tigrinya.] AWI: And five months they paid him his rent. I think it's some government organization, he can't remember their name but something to do with immigration. [high pitched feedback noise 50:24 to 50:28] AW: [Speaking in Tigrinya.] HWEI: Immigration, immigrants. AW: [Responding in Tigrinya.] AWI: He's saying they are everywhere in every state. When you are a refugee they just help you. They give you money and they help you. It was some kind of immigration services. HWE: And is there any way that your first few months in the US could've [high pitched feedback noise 51:04] been improved? HWEI: [Repeating question in Tigrinya.] AW: [Responding in Tigrinya.] [noise ends 52:12] [52:20] AWI: Yeah. I don't know if they can do more, but they were giving us, they were paying for the rent. And for the first two months, they give us 200 dollar for food stamp each month, but after that they cut by 11 dollars so they were giving everyone in the whole United States only 189. And when he moved to Idaho, they helped him with his rent for two months and they're giving him food stamp for six months and after those they told him, “Hey come to the work force for some interviews and we'll help you with additional food stamps” but he told them, “Hey, I'm working and I can support myself. I don't need any more food stamps” and [high pitched feedback noise 53:05] he didn't show up in the interview. HWE: And was– So you went from New Haven to Idaho and was it any warmer in Idaho than it had been in New Haven? [laughs] Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Afeworki Woldemichael Page 20 HWEI: [Repeating question in Tigrinya.] AW: [Responding in Tigrinya.] [laughs] [54:04] HWEI: [Speaking in Tigrinya to interviewee.] AW: [Responding in Tigrinya.] HWEI: [Speaking in Tigrinya to interviewee.] AW: [Responding in Tigrinya.] AWI: He said, he was talking to his friend in Idaho. He told them, “Hey, this area's too cold. I cannot do it here.” His friend told him, “Okay, it's cold here but let's try it over here. Come over here.” And he came to Idaho. When he was coming there was a lot of snow coming down. And it was even cold even in the airport, [end noise 55:05] so he told the security, “Hey, I'm staying inside. I'm not leaving until my friends come back, show up.” Because his friends, [high pitched feedback noise at 55:09] they were not in the airport at the time he was landing. So he waited inside the airport to wait for his ride but it was too cold even in the airport. Then he started work then. Utah and Idaho, they are kind of the same in weather but they are different than Connecticut. Connecticut is close to Canada and close to the sea, the ocean, and it is colder than Idaho. BDA: [to HWE] So what do you think? You came from the west coast– east coast. [laughs] HWE: Me? About the weather? BDA: Oh sorry. The interview is about him not about you. [laughs] HWE: [laughs] AW: [laughs] HWE: How long have you lived in Cache Valley? HWEI: [Repeating question in Tigrinya.] [56:04] AW: [Responding in Tigrinya.] AWI: He's going on his tenth month. Last month, on the 13th , it was his ninth month. Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Afeworki Woldemichael Page 21 HWE: And did you go straight here from Idaho? HWEI: [Repeating the question in Tigrinya.] AW: Yeah. AWI: Yeah. HWE: And why did you decide to come here after Idaho? HWEI: [Repeating question in Tigrinya.] AW: [Responding in Tigrinya.] AWI: Yeah, in Idaho he was working two jobs, almost 20 hours a day. He was sleeping just three hours a day. And they were paying him only nine dollars per hour. So he was asking friends for a better job with better payment. So came here. They work only between 9 to 10 hours in Hyram. And he gets paid 13.75 an hour. The job is hard, but I got time to rest. That's why he moved to Logan. [58:22] HWE: And you work at JBS? HWEI: [Repeating question in Tigrinya.] AW: Yeah. HWE: Okay. What has it been like living in Logan? HWEI: [Repeating question in Tigrinya.] AW: [Responding in Tigrinya.] AWI: He said, I like Logan. It's safe place. I don't have to worry about my security. And I work. I support my relatives. I support my children and his wife. He's processing their visa. I hope they will come soon. And most of the time when you move from one state to another state you have to think about yourself and discuss with yourself, why are you moving? So I told Logan had a better lifestyle, lifestyle than there was in Idaho, better pay. So, so far, I cannot complain. Logan is a good place and I hope I will improve my life better than I have now. [60:31] Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Afeworki Woldemichael Page 22 HWE: Do you feel included in the community here? HWEI: [Repeating question in Tigrinya.] AW: [Responding in Tigrinya.] AWI: Yeah. Until now, I didn't encounter anything bad, not only in Logan but in the whole United States. Sometimes, due to the language barrier, there might be some conflicts but I'm sure it's because we don't speak English and they don't speak Tigrinya. But if I can speak English and explain my culture and my needs, I hope I feel included. HWE: What do you think could be done to make you feel more at home here? HWEI: [Repeating question in Tigrinya.] AW: [Responding in Tigrinya.] End part 1 of 2: 62:06 Begin part 2 of 2: [00:01] [high pitched feedback noise from beginning to end] AW: [Responding in Tigrinya.] AWI: He said, I think he needs to do more to study English and if he studied English, if he can communicate with the locals, he will tell them how we live our [??] things like that. And he learns the culture of the locals if they can communicate. If he can communicate with the other people, just respect each other and live including each other, life will be easier. But if we don't communicate with them, if we don't know the language, it will be hard. But the only thing we have to do is learn English and explain ourselves. HWE: Okay. How is your home here different than the one you had in Eritrea. HWEI: [Repeating question in Tigrinya.] AW: [Responding in Tigrinya.] [laughs] AWI: He was living in a house but now he's living in an apartment. HWE: [laughs] AW: [laughs] HWEI: [Speaks in Tigrinya to interviewee.] Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Afeworki Woldemichael Page 23 AW: [Responding in Tigrinya.] [laughs] [02:20] AWI: There is a lot of difference. The utensils here and back home are different. Back home we use firewood to cook our food and other stuff, but here we use gas stoves. And for ready to eat things we use a microwave here, but over there, nobody knows what a microwave is. HWE: Can you tell me about your experiences with your landlord? HWEI: [Repeating question in Tigrinya.] AW: [Responding in Tigrinya.] AWI: We don't even know who's owner of this apartment. They heard lives in Texas, and some other company, they lease all the apartments. They got a drop box downstairs. Every month, they write the money order and they just drop it. And they don't know who takes the money or who owns these apartments. [03:58] HWE: So what happens when you have a problem like if your fridge breaks or something goes wrong? HWEI: [Repeating question in Tigrinya.] AW: [Responding in Tigrinya.] AWI: So all of the refrigerators, they have a contact number, so if something goes wrong, you just call that contact number and they deal with it. HWE: Oh, okay. HWEI: [Speaking in Tigrinya.] AW: [Responding in Tigrinya.] AWI: But so far they don't have any problems so they never use that number. HWE: Okay. What would you like people in Logan to know about you and other Eritreans here? HWEI: [Repeating question in Tigrinya.] Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Afeworki Woldemichael Page 24 AW: [Responding in Tigrinya.] AWI: He says, here in Logan, those who can speak English, they are so few. But I hope we can learn English and discuss with the Logan community how they go, their political system, the way they live, their culture, and more else. And I hope we can communicate with them. But now there are only a few people who can talk to them. [06:14] HWE: If you could, would you go back to your home country? HWEI: [Repeating question in Tigrinya.] AW: [Responding in Tigrinya.] AWI: He cannot go. HWE: But if you were able to, would you want to? HWEI: [Repeating question in Tigrinya.] AW: [Responding in Tigrinya.] AWI: I don't think we are going back home but if the government or the system is changed over there, if they can allow all the refugees to come back to Eritrea, if he becomes a citizen, I might go for a visit, but I don't think I will go back. HWE: What are you most proud of? HWEI: [Repeating question in Tigrinya.] AW: [Responding in Tigrinya.] [08:00] AWI: I'm happy because I'm healthy and I can work and support myself and my families. And, second, although I know only few English, I am proud I can– I will try to make friends and communicate with other people. HWE: What are your dreams for the future? HWEI: [Repeating question in Tigrinya.] AW: [Responding in Tigrinya.] Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Afeworki Woldemichael Page 25 AWI: This time I cannot tell you about my dreams because I am working on bringing my family, my wife and children, so when she comes here, we will discuss about our future dreams with my family, my wife and my children. And after, if she comes here, we'll both dream together, but if I dream something now and she dreams another dream, it'll be two dreams and one family. So when she shows up here, we can discuss about myself, about our future. We will buy a house and we'll improve our future life and future life of our children. HWE: Okay. I think that's all. Do you guys have anything you want to ask? HWEI: [Repeating question in Tigrinya.] [09:53] AW: Okay. [Responding in Tigrinya.] AWI: He said, I appreciate you on behalf of myself and the other people in Logan or Utah. Because you guys are working to get our culture and to take it to the people of Logan and other people. So I appreciate what you guys are doing. HWE: Thank you. AW: You're welcome. HWE: I hope we'll be able to do that correctly. Do you have anything else that you want to add? HWEI: [Repeating question in Tigrinya.] AW: [Responding in Tigrinya.] AWI: I don't have any other things to add, but I hope in our, in my future interview, things like this or other stuff, I hope I will do it myself without a translator. I think I want to talk to any person, man, woman, it doesn't matter, but I just want to do it myself without a translator. HWE: Okay. So, thanks for agreeing to meet with us. And we have a release form to sign that has to do with putting the interview and the photos in the archives being used for an online presentation. HWEI: [Repeating statement in Tigrinya.] [12:07] AW: Okay. Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Afeworki Woldemichael Page 26 BDA: Does he need to write in English, or? HWE: No, you can write in whatever language you want. HWEI: [Repeating statement in Tigrinya.] AW: [Responding in Tigrinya.] BDA: [Speaking in Tigrinya to interviewee.] AW: [Speaking in Tigrinya.] End part 2 of 2: [12:29] Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource transcripts; application/pdf; 162008 Bytes Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/p16944coll14/id/94 Language A language of the resource tir; eng; Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Digitized by : Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library Relation A related resource Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project An inventory for this collection can be found at : http://nwda.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv67609 Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project Digital Collection Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Special Collections and Archives, phone (435) 797-2663; Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project, FOLK COLL 59 Subject The topic of the resource Eritrea; Eritreans; Families; Refugees; Ethiopia; Logan, UT; Culture; Tigrinya; English; Education; International Refugee Commission; Refugee Camps; Work; Eritrea-- Food; Afeworki Woldemichael-- Interviews Title A name given to the resource Interview transcript with Afeworki Woldemichael in Logan, Utah, 2015 May 17 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text; Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/ef170c04217c2583b942ee47ab188961.pdf edba4f34720229bac3448c52127facf5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Extension, Enterprise, Education - Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Weber County (Utah); 1930-1939; 20th century; Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Agren, Ellen Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1930 Description An account of the resource Annual report of Extension Work, Home Demonstration Agent, Weber County, State of Utah, 1930. Written by Ellen Agren, Home Demonstration Agent. From December 1, 1929 to December 1, 1930. Annual reports narrate the Home Economic extension work carried out in Weber County, including reports on projects regarding food preparation, home management, clothing, beautification, Girl's Clubs, livestock, home reading, and local community projects.; Photograph Collection P0138 inventory: http://uda-db.orbiscascade.org/findaid/ark:/80444/xv31335 ; Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg; Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SCAUA-19p01s01c47Bx0089Fd1930HD.pdf Language A language of the resource eng; Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Utah State University. Cooperative Extension Service; United States. Office of Cooperative Extension Work; Relation A related resource University Extension Service Reports, University Archives, 19.1/1:47 Boxes 8, 8a, 9, 10, 11; Utah State University County Extension Agent Report Photograph Collection P0138 Extension, Enterprise, and Education: the Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperation in Utah Digital Collection Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Libraries USU Archives curator, phone (435) 797-0894.; Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library; Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, University Extension Service Reports, University Archives, 19.1/1:47 Boxes 8, 8a, 9, 10, 11 and Utah State University County Extension Agent Report Photograph Collection P0138 Box 18, Folder 20; Subject The topic of the resource Home economics extension work--Publications--Utah--Weber County; Title A name given to the resource 1930 Weber County Annual Report of Home Demonstration Extension Work; Type The nature or genre of the resource Text; https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/b8c8a081e9f83051e29d490ea19cd090.pdf 4e7c22d84d6f04f9352b897de052fa49 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Extension, Enterprise, Education - Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Weber County (Utah); 1920-1929; 20th century; Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Agren, Ellen; Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1921 Description An account of the resource Annual report of Extension Work, Home Demonstration Agent, Weber County, State of Utah, 1921. Written by Ellen Agren, Home Demonstration Agent. From December 1920 to December 1921. Annual reports narrate the Home Economic extension work carried out in Weber County, including reports on projects regarding food preparation, home management, clothing, beautification, Girl's Clubs, livestock, home reading, and local community projects.; Photograph Collection P0138 inventory: http://uda-db.orbiscascade.org/findaid/ark:/80444/xv31335 ; Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SCAUA-19p01s01c47Bx0088Fd1921B.pdf Language A language of the resource eng; Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Utah State University. Cooperative Extension Service; United States. Office of Cooperative Extension Work; Relation A related resource University Extension Service Reports, University Archives, 19.1/1:47 Boxes 8, 8a, 9, 10, 11; Utah State University County Extension Agent Report Photograph Collection P0138 Extension, Enterprise, and Education: the Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperation in Utah Digital Collection; Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Libraries USU Archives curator, phone (435) 797-0894.; Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library; Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, University Extension Service Reports, University Archives, 19.1/1:47 Boxes 8, 8a, 9, 10, 11 and Utah State University County Extension Agent Report Photograph Collection P0138 Box 17, Folder 17; Subject The topic of the resource Home economics extension work--Publications--Utah--Weber County; Title A name given to the resource 1921 Weber County Annual Report of Home Demonstration Extension Work; Type The nature or genre of the resource Text; https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/ccae34cf32cea78bc5f60d1d67c6fdc5.pdf ae74366c03aa14da1f5d8297c5aef351 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Extension, Enterprise, Education - Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Weber County (Utah); 1920-1929; 20th century; Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Agren, Ellen; Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1922 Description An account of the resource Annual report of Extension Work, Home Demonstration Agent, Weber County, State of Utah, 1922. Written by Ellen Agren, Home Demonstration Agent. Annual reports narrate the Home Economic extension work carried out in Weber County, including reports on projects regarding food preparation, home management, clothing, beautification, Girl's Clubs, livestock, home reading, and local community projects.; Photograph Collection P0138 inventory: http://uda-db.orbiscascade.org/findaid/ark:/80444/xv31335 ; Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SCAUA-19p01s01c47Bx0088Fd1921AHD.pdf Language A language of the resource eng; Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Utah State University. Cooperative Extension Service; United States. Office of Cooperative Extension Work; Relation A related resource University Extension Service Reports, University Archives, 19.1/1:47 Boxes 8, 8a, 9, 10, 11; Utah State University County Extension Agent Report Photograph Collection P0138 Extension, Enterprise, and Education: the Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperation in Utah Digital Collection; Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Libraries USU Archives curator, phone (435) 797-0894.; Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library; Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, University Extension Service Reports, University Archives, 19.1/1:47 Boxes 8, 8a, 9, 10, 11 and Utah State University County Extension Agent Report Photograph Collection P0138 Box 17, Folder 20; Subject The topic of the resource Home economics extension work--Publications--Utah--Weber County; Title A name given to the resource 1922 Weber County Annual Report of Home Demonstration Extension Work; Type The nature or genre of the resource Text; https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/0f2ca79fcc96555cf5fb0cbca1abde25.pdf 9695017d96cda1f5f170f43601d8ef61 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Extension, Enterprise, Education - Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Weber County (Utah); 1920-1929; 20th century; Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Agren, Ellen; Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1920 Description An account of the resource Annual report of the Weber County Extension Service for 1920, by Ellen Agren, County Home Demonstration Agent. From December 1919 to December 1920. Annual reports narrate the Home Economic extension work carried out in Weber County, including reports on projects regarding food preparation, home management, clothing, beautification, Girl's Clubs, livestock, home reading, and local community projects. See the '1920 Weber County Annual Report of Agricultural, Home Demonstration, and Boy's and Girl's Club Extension Work' for the copy of this report signed by the County Agent Leader and the '1920 Weber County Annual Report of Home Demonstration Extension Work - Unsigned, Copy 2' for an additional copy of this report.; Photograph Collection P0138 inventory: http://uda-db.orbiscascade.org/findaid/ark:/80444/xv31335 ; Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SCAUA-19p01s01c47Bx0088Fd1920B.pdf Language A language of the resource eng; Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Utah State University. Cooperative Extension Service; United States. Office of Cooperative Extension Work; Relation A related resource University Extension Service Reports, University Archives, 19.1/1:47 Boxes 8, 8a, 9, 10, 11; Utah State University County Extension Agent Report Photograph Collection P0138 Extension, Enterprise, and Education: the Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperation in Utah Digital Collection; Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Libraries USU Archives curator, phone (435) 797-0894.; Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library; Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, University Extension Service Reports, University Archives, 19.1/1:47 Boxes 8, 8a, 9, 10, 11 and Utah State University County Extension Agent Report Photograph Collection P0138 Box 17, Folder 15; Subject The topic of the resource Home economics extension work--Publications--Utah--Weber County; Larkins, C.F.--Pictorial works Title A name given to the resource 1920 Weber County Annual Report of Home Demonstration Extension Work - Unsigned; Type The nature or genre of the resource Text; https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/2ffff4cd88a9f3a11f1de590d2d9032b.pdf 5ff8f3b3f09d8c2851b701c26e146b1c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Extension, Enterprise, Education - Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Weber County (Utah); 1920-1929; 20th century; Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Agren, Ellen; Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1929 Description An account of the resource Annual report of Extension Work, Home Demonstration Agent, Weber County, State of Utah, 1929. Written by Ellen Agren, Home Demonstration Agent. From December 1, 1928 to December 1, 1929. Annual reports narrate the Home Economic extension work carried out in Weber County, including reports on projects regarding food preparation, home management, clothing, beautification, Girl's Clubs, livestock, home reading, and local community projects.; Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SCAUA-19p01s01c47Bx0089Fd1929HD.pdf Language A language of the resource eng; Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Utah State University. Cooperative Extension Service; United States. Office of Cooperative Extension Work; Relation A related resource University Extension Service Reports, University Archives, 19.1/1:47 Boxes 8, 8a, 9, 10, 11 Extension, Enterprise, and Education: the Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperation in Utah Digital Collection; Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Libraries USU Archives curator, phone (435) 797-0894.; Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library; Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, University Extension Service Reports, University Archives, 19.1/1:47 Boxes 8, 8a, 9, 10, 11; Subject The topic of the resource Home economics extension work--Publications--Utah--Weber County; Title A name given to the resource 1929 Weber County Annual Report of Home Demonstration Extension Work; Type The nature or genre of the resource Text; https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/c2f6f6bc1663885721db3dd0130a5edf.pdf 7f8895698f8dfe26ac372baf2ea52011 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Extension, Enterprise, Education - Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Weber County (Utah); 1920-1929; 20th century; Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Agren, Ellen; Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1926 Description An account of the resource Annual report of the Weber County Extension Service for 1926, by Ellen Agren, County Home Demonstration Agent. From December 1925 to December 1926. Annual reports narrate the Home Economic extension work carried out in Weber County, including reports on projects regarding food preparation, home management, clothing, beautification, Girl's Clubs, livestock, home reading, and local community projects.; Photograph Collection P0138 inventory: http://uda-db.orbiscascade.org/findaid/ark:/80444/xv31335 ; Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SCAUA-19p01s01c47Bx0088aFd1926HD.pdf Language A language of the resource eng; Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Utah State University. Cooperative Extension Service; United States. Office of Cooperative Extension Work; Relation A related resource University Extension Service Reports, University Archives, 19.1/1:47 Boxes 8, 8a, 9, 10, 11; Utah State University County Extension Agent Report Photograph Collection P0138 Extension, Enterprise, and Education: the Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperation in Utah Digital Collection; Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Libraries USU Archives curator, phone (435) 797-0894.; Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library; Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, University Extension Service Reports, University Archives, 19.1/1:47 Boxes 8, 8a, 9, 10, 11 and Utah State University County Extension Agent Report Photograph Collection P0138 P0138 Box 17, Folders 31-33; Subject The topic of the resource Home economics extension work--Publications--Utah--Weber County; Title A name given to the resource 1926 Weber County Annual Report of Home Demonstration Extension Work; Type The nature or genre of the resource Text; https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/f14bc8130e63666efd06fb43b6482e22.pdf 3b386b17c478b4d23deee371c6146cf8 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Extension, Enterprise, Education - Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Weber County (Utah); 1920-1929; 20th century; Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Agren, Ellen; Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1923 Description An account of the resource Annual report of the Weber County Extension Service for 1923, by Ellen Agren, County Home Demonstration Agent. From December 1922 to December 1923. Annual reports narrate the Home Economic extension work carried out in Weber County, including reports on projects regarding food preparation, home management, clothing, beautification, Girl's Clubs, livestock, home reading, and local community projects.; Photograph Collection P0138 inventory: http://uda-db.orbiscascade.org/findaid/ark:/80444/xv31335 ; Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SCAUA-19p01s01c47Bx0088Fd1923HD.pdf Language A language of the resource eng; Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Utah State University. Cooperative Extension Service; United States. Office of Cooperative Extension Work; Relation A related resource University Extension Service Reports, University Archives, 19.1/1:47 Boxes 8, 8a, 9, 10, 11; Utah State University County Extension Agent Report Photograph Collection P0138 Extension, Enterprise, and Education: the Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperation in Utah Digital Collection; Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Libraries USU Archives curator, phone (435) 797-0894.; Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library; Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, University Extension Service Reports, University Archives, 19.1/1:47 Boxes 8, 8a, 9, 10, 11 and Utah State University County Extension Agent Report Photograph Collection P0138 Box Box 17, Folder 22; Subject The topic of the resource Home economics extension work--Publications--Utah--Weber County; Title A name given to the resource 1923 Weber County Annual Report of Home Demonstration Extension Work; Type The nature or genre of the resource Text; https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/af5fec6991d54b4d33cca8027367db54.pdf fa9947eb484ea5eff16bb8eacbbedbd1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Extension, Enterprise, Education - Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Weber County (Utah); 1920-1929; 20th century; Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Agren, Ellen; Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1925 Description An account of the resource Annual report of the Weber County Extension Service for 1925, by Ellen Agren, County Home Demonstration Agent. From December 1924 to December 1925. Annual reports narrate the Home Economic extension work carried out in Weber County, including reports on projects regarding food preparation, home management, clothing, beautification, Girl's Clubs, livestock, home reading, and local community projects.; Photograph Collection P0138 inventory: http://uda-db.orbiscascade.org/findaid/ark:/80444/xv31335 ; Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SCAUA-19p01s01c47Bx0088Fd1925HD.pdf Language A language of the resource eng; Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Utah State University. Cooperative Extension Service; United States. Office of Cooperative Extension Work; Relation A related resource University Extension Service Reports, University Archives, 19.1/1:47 Boxes 8, 8a, 9, 10, 11; Utah State University County Extension Agent Report Photograph Collection P0138 Extension, Enterprise, and Education: the Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperation in Utah Digital Collection; Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Libraries USU Archives curator, phone (435) 797-0894.; Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library; Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, University Extension Service Reports, University Archives, 19.1/1:47 Boxes 8, 8a, 9, 10, 11 and Utah State University County Extension Agent Report Photograph Collection P0138 Box 17, Folder 25; Subject The topic of the resource Home economics extension work--Publications--Utah--Weber County; Title A name given to the resource 1925 Weber County Annual Report of Home Demonstration Extension Work; Type The nature or genre of the resource Text; https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/9cdcd92f3ad0b39636640c8ab02929d4.pdf 1896cec0e7e2b34c2a146bbedea6834e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Extension, Enterprise, Education - Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Weber County (Utah); 1920-1929; 20th century; Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Agren, Ellen; Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1924 Description An account of the resource Annual report of the Weber County Extension Service for 1924, by Ellen Agren, County Home Demonstration Agent. From December 1923 to December 1924. Annual reports narrate the Home Economic extension work carried out in Weber County, including reports on projects regarding food preparation, home management, clothing, beautification, Girl's Clubs, livestock, home reading, and local community projects.; Photograph Collection P0138 inventory: http://uda-db.orbiscascade.org/findaid/ark:/80444/xv31335 ; Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SCAUA-19p01s01c47Bx0088Fd1924HD.pdf Language A language of the resource eng; Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Utah State University. Cooperative Extension Service; United States. Office of Cooperative Extension Work; Relation A related resource University Extension Service Reports, University Archives, 19.1/1:47 Boxes 8, 8a, 9, 10, 11; Utah State University County Extension Agent Report Photograph Collection P0138 Extension, Enterprise, and Education: the Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperation in Utah Digital Collection; Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Libraries USU Archives curator, phone (435) 797-0894.; Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library; Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, University Extension Service Reports, University Archives, 19.1/1:47 Boxes 8, 8a, 9, 10, 11 and Utah State University County Extension Agent Report Photograph Collection P0138 Box 17, Folder 24; Subject The topic of the resource Home economics extension work--Publications--Utah--Weber County; Title A name given to the resource 1924 Weber County Annual Report of Home Demonstration Extension Work; Type The nature or genre of the resource Text; https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/2a9c2cefc213eda517c9bde1b7bdbce0.pdf fe0cb82046553ed21ffbc470e2f0de58 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Extension, Enterprise, Education - Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Weber County (Utah); 1920-1929; 20th century; Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Agren, Ellen; Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1927 Description An account of the resource Annual report of the Weber County Extension Service for 1927, by Ellen Agren, County Home Demonstration Agent. From December 1926 to December 1927. Annual reports narrate the Home Economic extension work carried out in Weber County, including reports on projects regarding food preparation, home management, clothing, beautification, Girl's Clubs, livestock, home reading, and local community projects.; Photograph Collection P0138 inventory: http://uda-db.orbiscascade.org/findaid/ark:/80444/xv31335 ; Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SCAUA-19p01s01c47Bx0088aFd1927HD.pdf Language A language of the resource eng; Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Utah State University. Cooperative Extension Service; United States. Office of Cooperative Extension Work; Relation A related resource University Extension Service Reports, University Archives, 19.1/1:47 Boxes 8, 8a, 9, 10, 11; Utah State University County Extension Agent Report Photograph Collection P0138 Extension, Enterprise, and Education: the Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperation in Utah Digital Collection; Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Libraries USU Archives curator, phone (435) 797-0894.; Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library; Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, University Extension Service Reports, University Archives, 19.1/1:47 Boxes 8, 8a, 9, 10, 11 and Utah State University County Extension Agent Report Photograph Collection P0138 P0138 Box 18, Folders 7-8; Subject The topic of the resource Home economics extension work--Publications--Utah--Weber County; Title A name given to the resource 1927 Weber County Annual Report of Home Demonstration Extension Work; Type The nature or genre of the resource Text; https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/9d0e5b8e6b18891c869a134a6762e103.pdf 7b5340a18892019280c45131159e3490 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Extension, Enterprise, Education - Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Weber County, Utah, United States, http://sws.geonames.org/5784440; 20th century; 1920-1929; Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Agren, Ellen; Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1920 Description An account of the resource Annual report of the Weber County Extension Service for 1920, by Ellen Agren, County Home Demonstration Agent from December 1919 to December 1920. Annual reports narrate the Home Economic extension work carried out in Weber County, including reports on projects regarding food preparation, home management, clothing, beautification, Girl's Clubs, livestock, home reading, and local community projects. See the '1920 Weber County Annual Report of Agricultural, Home Demonstration, and Boy's and Girl's Club Extension Work' for the copy of this report signed by the County Agent Leader and the '1920 Weber County Annual Report of Home Demonstration Extension Work - Unsigned, Copy 2' for an additional copy of this report. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf; Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SCAUA-19p01s01c47Bx0088aFd1920D.pdf http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/coops/id/23653 Language A language of the resource eng; Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Utah State University. Cooperative Extension Service; United States. Office of Cooperative Extension Work; Relation A related resource University Extension Service Reports, University Archives, 19.1/1:47 and Utah State University County Extension Agent Report Photograph Collection, P0138 Extension, Enterprise, Education - Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperations in Utah Digital Collection http://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv31335 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives (435) 797-2663. Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library; Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, University Extension Service Reports, University Archives, 19.1/1:47 Box 88a and Utah State University County Extension Agent Report Photograph Collection P0138 Box 17, Fd 15 Subject The topic of the resource Home economics extension work--Publications--Utah--Weber County; Larkins, C.F.--Pictorial works; Home economics; Extension Work; Publications; Reports; Livestock; Community; Girls' Clubs; Weber County; Title A name given to the resource Annual Report of Agricultural Activities, Home Demonstration Agent, Weber County Farm Bureau, 1920 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text; https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/3a5b38059883221db588a9518c25c6b2.pdf 9695017d96cda1f5f170f43601d8ef61 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Extension, Enterprise, Education - Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Weber County, Utah, United States, http://sws.geonames.org/5784440; 20th century; 1920-1929; Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Agren, Ellen; Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1920 Description An account of the resource Annual report of the Weber County Extension Service for 1920, by Ella Agren, County Home Demonstration Agent from December 1919 to December 1920. Annual reports narrate the Home Economic extension work carried out in Weber County, including reports on projects regarding food preparation, home management, clothing, beautification, Girl's Clubs, livestock, home reading, and local community projects. See the '1920 Weber County Annual Report of Agricultural, Home Demonstration, and Boy's and Girl's Club Extension Work' for the copy of this report signed by the County Agent Leader and the '1920 Weber County Annual Report of Home Demonstration Extension Work - Unsigned' for an additional copy of this report. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf; Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SCAUA-19p01s01c47Bx0088Fd1920B.pdf http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/coops/id/23655 Language A language of the resource eng; Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Utah State University. Cooperative Extension Service; United States. Office of Cooperative Extension Work; Relation A related resource University Extension Service Reports, University Archives, 19.1/1:47 and Utah State University County Extension Agent Report Photograph Collection, P0138 Extension, Enterprise, Education - Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperations in Utah Digital Collection http://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv31335 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives (435) 797-2663. Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library; Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, University Extension Service Reports, University Archives, 19.1/1:47 Box 88 and Utah State University County Extension Agent Report Photograph Collection P0138 Box 17, Fd 15 Subject The topic of the resource Home economics extension work--Publications--Utah--Weber County; Larkins, C.F.--Pictorial works; Home economics; Extension Work; Publications; Reports; Livestock; Community; Girls' Clubs; Weber County; Title A name given to the resource Annual Report of Home Demonstration Work, Weber County, 1920 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text; https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/b59f78288dc6756c88b52b42795f6d88.pdf 4e7c22d84d6f04f9352b897de052fa49 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Extension, Enterprise, Education - Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Weber County, Utah, United States, http://sws.geonames.org/5784440; 20th century; 1920-1929; Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Agren, Ellen; Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1921 Description An account of the resource Annual report of Extension Work, Home Demonstration Agent, Weber County, Utah. Written by Ellen Agren, Home Demonstration Agent from December 1920 to December 1921. Annual reports narrate the Home Economic extension work carried out in Weber County, including reports on projects regarding food preparation, home management, clothing, beautification, Girl's Clubs, livestock, home reading, and local community projects. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf; Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SCAUA-19p01s01c47Bx0088Fd1921B.pdf http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/coops/id/23657 Language A language of the resource eng; Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Utah State University. Cooperative Extension Service; United States. Office of Cooperative Extension Work; Relation A related resource University Extension Service Reports, University Archives, 19.1/1:47 and Utah State University County Extension Agent Report Photograph Collection, P0138 Extension, Enterprise, Education - Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperations in Utah Digital Collection http://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv31335 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives (435) 797-2663. Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library; Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, University Extension Service Reports, University Archives, 19.1/1:47 Box 88 and Utah State University County Extension Agent Report Photograph Collection P0138 Box 17, Fd 17 Subject The topic of the resource Home economics extension work--Publications--Utah--Weber County; Home economics; Extension Work; Publications; Reports; Livestock; Community; Girls' Clubs; Weber County; Title A name given to the resource Annual Report of Extension Work, Home Demonstration Agent, Weber County, 1921 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text; https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/a5d1f7371f36b2822f8efbce2572f389.pdf ae74366c03aa14da1f5d8297c5aef351 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Extension, Enterprise, Education - Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Weber County, Utah, United States, http://sws.geonames.org/5784440; 20th century; 1920-1929; Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Agren, Ellen; Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1922 Description An account of the resource Annual report of Extension Work, Home Demonstration Agent, Weber County, Utah. Written by Ellen Agren, Home Demonstration Agent. Annual reports narrate the Home Economic extension work carried out in Weber County, including reports on projects regarding food preparation, home management, clothing, beautification, Girl's Clubs, livestock, home reading, and local community projects. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf; Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SCAUA-19p01s01c47Bx0088Fd1922AHD.pdf http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/coops/id/23659 Language A language of the resource eng; Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Utah State University. Cooperative Extension Service; United States. Office of Cooperative Extension Work; Relation A related resource University Extension Service Reports, University Archives, 19.1/1:47 and Utah State University County Extension Agent Report Photograph Collection, P0138 Extension, Enterprise, Education - Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperations in Utah Digital Collection http://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv31335 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives (435) 797-2663. Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library; Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, University Extension Service Reports, University Archives, 19.1/1:47 Box 88 and Utah State University County Extension Agent Report Photograph Collection P0138 Box 17, Fd 20 Subject The topic of the resource Home economics extension work--Publications--Utah--Weber County; Home economics; Extension Work; Publications; Reports; Livestock; Community; Girls' Clubs; Weber County; Title A name given to the resource Annual Report of Extension Work, Home Demonstration, Weber County, 1922 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text; https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/7785872caf1db5d9c4b277f06998c964.pdf 3b386b17c478b4d23deee371c6146cf8 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Extension, Enterprise, Education - Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Weber County, Utah, United States, http://sws.geonames.org/5784440; 20th century; 1920-1929; Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Agren, Ellen; Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1923 Description An account of the resource Annual report of the Weber County Extension Service for 1923, by Ellen Agren, County Home Demonstration Agent, from December 1922 to December 1923. Annual reports narrate the Home Economic extension work carried out in Weber County, including reports on projects regarding food preparation, home management, clothing, beautification, Girl's Clubs, livestock, home reading, and local community projects. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf; Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SCAUA-19p01s01c47Bx0088Fd1923HD.pdf http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/coops/id/23663 Language A language of the resource eng; Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Utah State University. Cooperative Extension Service; United States. Office of Cooperative Extension Work; Relation A related resource University Extension Service Reports, University Archives, 19.1/1:47 and Utah State University County Extension Agent Report Photograph Collection, P0138 Extension, Enterprise, Education - Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperations in Utah Digital Collection http://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv31335 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives (435) 797-2663. Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library; Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, University Extension Service Reports, University Archives, 19.1/1:47 Box 88 and Utah State University County Extension Agent Report Photograph Collection P0138 Box 17, Fd 22 Subject The topic of the resource Home economics extension work--Publications--Utah--Weber County; Home economics; Extension Work; Publications; Reports; Livestock; Community; Girls' Clubs; Weber County; Title A name given to the resource Annual Report of Extension Work, Home Demonstration Agent, Weber County, 1923 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text; https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/9bf45e2bc433ddca481d3a32989c0f7b.pdf 1896cec0e7e2b34c2a146bbedea6834e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Extension, Enterprise, Education - Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Weber County, Utah, United States, http://sws.geonames.org/5784440; 20th century; 1920-1929; Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Agren, Ellen; Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1924 Description An account of the resource Annual report of the Weber County Extension Service for 1924, by Ellen Agren, County Home Demonstration Agent from December 1923 to December 1924. Annual reports narrate the Home Economic extension work carried out in Weber County, including reports on projects regarding food preparation, home management, clothing, beautification, Girl's Clubs, livestock, home reading, and local community projects. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf; Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SCAUA-19p01s01c47Bx0088Fd1924HD.pdf http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/coops/id/23664 Language A language of the resource eng; Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Utah State University. Cooperative Extension Service; United States. Office of Cooperative Extension Work; Relation A related resource University Extension Service Reports, University Archives, 19.1/1:47 and Utah State University County Extension Agent Report Photograph Collection, P0138 Extension, Enterprise, Education - Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperations in Utah Digital Collection http://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv31335 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives (435) 797-2663. Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library; Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, University Extension Service Reports, University Archives, 19.1/1:47 Box 88 and Utah State University County Extension Agent Report Photograph Collection P0138 Box 17, Fd 24 Subject The topic of the resource Home economics extension work--Publications--Utah--Weber County; Home economics; Extension Work; Publications; Reports; Livestock; Community; Girls' Clubs; Weber County; Title A name given to the resource Annual Report of Extension Work, Home Demonstration Agent, Weber County, 1924 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text; https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/b99f709e4143816f63aa19319d6bcee7.pdf fa9947eb484ea5eff16bb8eacbbedbd1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Extension, Enterprise, Education - Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Weber County, Utah, United States, http://sws.geonames.org/5784440; 20th century; 1920-1929; Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Agren, Ellen; Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1925 Description An account of the resource Annual report of the Weber County Extension Service for 1925, by Ellen Agren, County Home Demonstration Agent from December 1924 to December 1925. Annual reports narrate the Home Economic extension work carried out in Weber County, including reports on projects regarding food preparation, home management, clothing, beautification, Girl's Clubs, livestock, home reading, and local community projects. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf; Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SCAUA-19p01s01c47Bx0088Fd1925HD.pdf http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/coops/id/23667 Language A language of the resource eng; Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Utah State University. Cooperative Extension Service; United States. Office of Cooperative Extension Work; Relation A related resource University Extension Service Reports, University Archives, 19.1/1:47 and Utah State University County Extension Agent Report Photograph Collection, P0138 Extension, Enterprise, Education - Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperations in Utah Digital Collection http://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv31335 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives (435) 797-2663. Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library; Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, University Extension Service Reports, University Archives, 19.1/1:47 Box 88 and Utah State University County Extension Agent Report Photograph Collection P0138 Box 17, Fd 25 Subject The topic of the resource Home economics extension work--Publications--Utah--Weber County; Home economics; Extension Work; Publications; Reports; Livestock; Community; Girls' Clubs; Weber County; Title A name given to the resource Annual Report of Extension Work, Home Demonstration Agent, Weber County, 1925 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text; https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/8fd02ad7dc2cecb1005ab1a8f197561c.pdf 7f8895698f8dfe26ac372baf2ea52011 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Extension, Enterprise, Education - Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Weber County, Utah, United States, http://sws.geonames.org/5784440; 20th century; 1920-1929; Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Agren, Ellen; Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1926 Description An account of the resource Annual report of the Weber County Extension Service for 1926, by Ellen Agren, County Home Demonstration Agent from December 1925 to December 1926. Annual reports narrate the Home Economic extension work carried out in Weber County, including reports on projects regarding food preparation, home management, clothing, beautification, Girl's Clubs, livestock, home reading, and local community projects. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf; Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SCAUA-19p01s01c47Bx0088aFd1926HD.pdf http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/coops/id/23668 Language A language of the resource eng; Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Utah State University. Cooperative Extension Service; United States. Office of Cooperative Extension Work; Relation A related resource University Extension Service Reports, University Archives, 19.1/1:47 and Utah State University County Extension Agent Report Photograph Collection, P0138 Extension, Enterprise, Education - Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperations in Utah Digital Collection http://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv31335 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives (435) 797-2663. Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library; Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, University Extension Service Reports, University Archives, 19.1/1:47 Box 88a and Utah State University County Extension Agent Report Photograph Collection P0138 Box 17, Fds 31-33 Subject The topic of the resource Home economics extension work--Publications--Utah--Weber County; Home economics; Extension Work; Publications; Reports; Livestock; Community; Girls' Clubs; Weber County; Title A name given to the resource Annual Report of Extension Work, Home Demonstration Agent, Weber County, 1926 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text; https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/62c2eb71032cad000d3fd250b18e548b.pdf fe0cb82046553ed21ffbc470e2f0de58 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Extension, Enterprise, Education - Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Weber County, Utah, United States, http://sws.geonames.org/5784440; 20th century; 1920-1929; Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Agren, Ellen; Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1927 Description An account of the resource Annual report of the Weber County Extension Service for 1927, by Ellen Agren, County Home Demonstration Agent from December 1926 to December 1927. Annual reports narrate the Home Economic extension work carried out in Weber County, including reports on projects regarding food preparation, home management, clothing, beautification, Girl's Clubs, livestock, home reading, and local community projects. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf; Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SCAUA-19p01s01c47Bx0088aFd1927HD.pdf http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/coops/id/23670 Language A language of the resource eng; Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Utah State University. Cooperative Extension Service; United States. Office of Cooperative Extension Work; Relation A related resource University Extension Service Reports, University Archives, 19.1/1:47 and Utah State University County Extension Agent Report Photograph Collection, P0138 Extension, Enterprise, Education - Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperations in Utah Digital Collection http://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv31335 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives (435) 797-2663. Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library; Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, University Extension Service Reports, University Archives, 19.1/1:47 Box 88a and Utah State University County Extension Agent Report Photograph Collection P0138 Box 18, Fds 7-8 Subject The topic of the resource Home economics extension work--Publications--Utah--Weber County; Home economics; Extension Work; Publications; Reports; Livestock; Community; Girls' Clubs; Title A name given to the resource Annual Report of Extension Work, Home Demonstration Agent, Weber County, 1927 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text; https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/d21260c951a7fa2f98778129c8d419ba.pdf f0b5667323d7917140db0c1607c7b043 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Extension, Enterprise, Education - Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Weber County, Utah, United States, http://sws.geonames.org/5784440; 20th century; 1920-1929; Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Agren, Ellen; Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1928 Description An account of the resource Annual report of the Weber County Extension Service for 1927, by Ellen Agren, County Home Demonstration Agent from December 1927 to December 1928. Annual reports narrate the Home Economic extension work carried out in Weber County, including reports on projects regarding food preparation, home management, clothing, beautification, Girl's Clubs, livestock, home reading, and local community projects. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf; Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SCAUA-19p01s01c47Bx0088aFd1928HD.pdf http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/coops/id/23673 Language A language of the resource eng; Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Utah State University. Cooperative Extension Service; United States. Office of Cooperative Extension Work; Relation A related resource University Extension Service Reports, University Archives, 19.1/1:47 and Utah State University County Extension Agent Report Photograph Collection, P0138 Extension, Enterprise, Education - Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperations in Utah Digital Collection http://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv31335 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives (435) 797-2663. Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library; Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, University Extension Service Reports, University Archives, 19.1/1:47 Box 88a and Utah State University County Extension Agent Report Photograph Collection P0138 Box 18, Fd 13 Subject The topic of the resource Home economics extension work--Publications--Utah--Weber County; Home economics; Extension Work; Publications; Reports; Livestock; Community; Girls' Clubs; Title A name given to the resource Annual Report of Extension Work, Home Demonstration Agent, Weber County, 1928 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text; https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/c3d8e5d69b84100b19d46d8639e2801c.pdf 5ff8f3b3f09d8c2851b701c26e146b1c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Extension, Enterprise, Education - Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Weber County, Utah, United States, http://sws.geonames.org/5784440; 20th century; 1920-1929; Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Agren, Ellen; Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1929 Description An account of the resource Annual report of Extension Work, Home Demonstration Agent, Weber County, Utah. Written by Ellen Agren, Home Demonstration Agent from December 1, 1928 to December 1, 1929. Annual reports narrate the Home Economic extension work carried out in Weber County, including reports on projects regarding food preparation, home management, clothing, beautification, Girl's Clubs, livestock, home reading, and local community projects. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf; Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SCAUA-19p01s01c47Bx0089Fd1929HD.pdf http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/coops/id/23674 Language A language of the resource eng; Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Utah State University. Cooperative Extension Service; United States. Office of Cooperative Extension Work; Relation A related resource University Extension Service Reports, University Archives, 19.1/1:47 Extension, Enterprise, Education - Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperations in Utah Digital Collection Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives (435) 797-2663. Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library; Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, University Extension Service Reports, University Archives, 19.1/1:47 Box 89 Subject The topic of the resource Home economics extension work--Publications--Utah--Weber County; Home economics; Extension Work; Publications; Reports; Livestock; Community; Girls' Clubs; Weber County; Title A name given to the resource Annual Report of Extension Work, Home Demonstration Agent, Weber County, 1929 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text; https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/0476d459a6edeefcc6facb3721c01496.pdf edba4f34720229bac3448c52127facf5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Extension, Enterprise, Education - Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Weber County, Utah, United States, http://sws.geonames.org/5784440; 20th century; 1930-1939; Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Agren, Ellen; Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1930 Description An account of the resource Annual report of Extension Work, Home Demonstration Agent, Weber County, Utah. Written by Ellen Agren, Home Demonstration Agent from December 1, 1929 to December 1, 1930. Annual reports narrate the Home Economic extension work carried out in Weber County, including reports on projects regarding food preparation, home management, clothing, beautification, Girl's Clubs, livestock, home reading, and local community projects. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf; Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SCAUA-19p01s01c47Bx0089Fd1930HD.pdf http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/coops/id/23677 Language A language of the resource eng; Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Utah State University. Cooperative Extension Service; United States. Office of Cooperative Extension Work; Relation A related resource University Extension Service Reports, University Archives, 19.1/1:47 and Utah State University County Extension Agent Report Photograph Collection, P0138 Extension, Enterprise, Education - Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperations in Utah Digital Collection http://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv31335 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives (435) 797-2663. Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library; Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, University Extension Service Reports, University Archives, 19.1/1:47 Box 89 and Utah State University County Extension Agent Report Photograph Collection P0138 Box 18, Fd 20 Subject The topic of the resource Home economics extension work--Publications--Utah--Weber County; Home economics; Extension Work; Publications; Reports; Livestock; Community; Girls' Clubs; Weber County; Title A name given to the resource Annual Report of Extension Work, Home Demonstration Agent, Weber County, 1930 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text; https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/023ad986a0982225c0f47e21be268b86.pdf 7b8ea93b014fc3d3125f452b7ecd456e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Extension, Enterprise, Education - Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Davis County (Utah); 1940-1949; 20th century; Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Agren, Ellen; Adams, Alden S.; Nichols, DeLore; Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1946 Description An account of the resource Annual report of Extension Services, 1946, County Agricultural Agent and Home Demonstration Agent, Davis County, State of Utah. From November 1, 1945 to October 31, 1946. Written by Ellen Agren, Home Demonstration Agent and and DeLore Nichols, Agricultural Agent. Annual reports narrate the Home Economic extension work carried out in Weber County, including reports on projects regarding food preparation, home management, clothing, beautification, Girl's Clubs, livestock, home reading, and local community projects. Annual reports narrate the agricultural extension work carried out in Weber County, including reports on irrigation, weed control, community improvement projects, livestock, grazing, insect control, and seed certification programs.; Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SCAUA-19p01s01c47Bx0017Fd1946.pdf Language A language of the resource eng; Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Utah State University. Cooperative Extension Service; United States. Office of Cooperative Extension Work; Relation A related resource University Extension Service Reports, University Archives, 19.1/1:47 Boxes 8, 8a, 9, 10, 11 Extension, Enterprise, and Education: the Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperation in Utah Digital Collection; Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Libraries USU Archives curator, phone (435) 797-0894.; Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library; Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, University Extension Service Reports, University Archives, 19.1/1:47 Boxes 8, 8a, 9, 10, 11; Subject The topic of the resource Agricultural extension work--Publications--Utah--Davis County; Home economics extension work--Publications--Utah--Davis County; Clippings (Books, newspapers, etc.); Title A name given to the resource 1946 Davis County Annual Report of Agricultural and Home Demonstration Extension Work; Type The nature or genre of the resource Text; https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/01ff02d9de509a6504bf9b125b9e9538.pdf 7b8ea93b014fc3d3125f452b7ecd456e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Extension, Enterprise, Education - Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Davis County, Utah, United States, http://sws.geonames.org/5773664; 20th century; 1940-1949; Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Agren, Ellen; Adams, Alden S.; Nichols, DeLore; Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1946 Description An account of the resource Annual report of Extension Services, 1946, County Agricultural Agent and Home Demonstration Agent, Davis County, State of Utah from November 1, 1945 to October 31, 1946. Written by Ellen Agren, Home Demonstration Agent and and DeLore Nichols, Agricultural Agent. Annual reports narrate the Home Economic extension work carried out in Weber County, including reports on projects regarding food preparation, home management, clothing, beautification, Girl's Clubs, livestock, home reading, and local community projects. Annual reports narrate the agricultural extension work carried out in Davis County, including reports on irrigation, weed control, community improvement projects, livestock, grazing, insect control, and seed certification programs. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf; Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SCAUA-19p01s01c47Bx0017Fd1946.pdf http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/coops/id/23742 Language A language of the resource eng; Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Utah State University. Cooperative Extension Service; United States. Office of Cooperative Extension Work; Relation A related resource University Extension Service Reports, University Archives, 19.1/1:47 Extension, Enterprise, Education - Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperations in Utah Digital Collection Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives (435) 797-2663. Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library; Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, University Extension Service Reports, University Archives, 19.1/1:47 Box 17 Subject The topic of the resource Agricultural extension work--Publications--Utah--Davis County; Home economics extension work--Publications--Utah--Davis County; Clippings (Books, newspapers, etc.); Extension work; Publications; Cache County; Agriculture; Community; Seeds; Weed control; Title A name given to the resource Annual Report of Extension Work Agents, Davis County, 1946 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text; https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/2253e3bf5b97ee5cca1cf9732cbf5e57.pdf ad7eefc90376725930b647271aafc9da Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Extension, Enterprise, Education - Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Davis County (Utah); 1940-1949; 20th century; Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Agren, Ellen; Nichols, DeLore; Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1942 Description An account of the resource Annual report of Extension Services, 1942, County Agricultural Agent and Home Demonstration Agent, Davis County, State of Utah. From November 1, 1941 to October 31, 1942. Written by Ellen Agren, Home Demonstration Agent and and DeLore Nichols, Agricultural Agent. Annual reports narrate the Home Economic extension work carried out in Weber County, including reports on projects regarding food preparation, home management, clothing, beautification, Girl's Clubs, livestock, home reading, and local community projects. Annual reports narrate the agricultural extension work carried out in Weber County, including reports on irrigation, weed control, community improvement projects, livestock, grazing, insect control, and seed certification programs.; Photograph Collection P0138 inventory: http://uda-db.orbiscascade.org/findaid/ark:/80444/xv31335 ; Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SCAUA-19p01s01c47Bx0017Fd1942.pdf Language A language of the resource eng; Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Utah State University. Cooperative Extension Service; United States. Office of Cooperative Extension Work; Relation A related resource University Extension Service Reports, University Archives, 19.1/1:47 Boxes 8, 8a, 9, 10, 11; Utah State University County Extension Agent Report Photograph Collection P0138 Extension, Enterprise, and Education: the Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperation in Utah Digital Collection; Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Libraries USU Archives curator, phone (435) 797-0894.; Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library; Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, University Extension Service Reports, University Archives, 19.1/1:47 Boxes 8, 8a, 9, 10, 11 and Utah State University County Extension Agent Report Photograph Collection P0138 Box 2, Folders 42; Subject The topic of the resource Agricultural extension work--Publications--Utah--Davis County; Home economics extension work--Publications--Utah--Davis County; Clippings (Books, newspapers, etc.); Title A name given to the resource 1942 Davis County Annual Report of Agricultural and Home Demonstration Extension Work; Type The nature or genre of the resource Text; https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/6bbbc59bfc0c3fecb38c9d9f3661e88c.pdf c55e31ad5be31da6cc3788a1d4be5317 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Extension, Enterprise, Education - Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Davis County (Utah); 1940-1949; 20th century; Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Agren, Ellen; Nichols, DeLore; Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1941 Description An account of the resource Annual report of Extension Services, 1941, County Agricultural Agent and Home Demonstration Agent, Davis County, State of Utah. From November 16, 1940 to November 15, 1941. Written by Ellen Agren, Home Demonstration Agent and and DeLore Nichols, Agricultural Agent. Annual reports narrate the Home Economic extension work carried out in Weber County, including reports on projects regarding food preparation, home management, clothing, beautification, Girl's Clubs, livestock, home reading, and local community projects. Annual reports narrate the agricultural extension work carried out in Weber County, including reports on irrigation, weed control, community improvement projects, livestock, grazing, insect control, and seed certification programs.; Photograph Collection P0138 inventory: http://uda-db.orbiscascade.org/findaid/ark:/80444/xv31335 ; Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SCAUA-19p01s01c47Bx0017Fd1941.pdf Language A language of the resource eng; Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Utah State University. Cooperative Extension Service; United States. Office of Cooperative Extension Work; Relation A related resource University Extension Service Reports, University Archives, 19.1/1:47 Boxes 8, 8a, 9, 10, 11; Utah State University County Extension Agent Report Photograph Collection P0138 Extension, Enterprise, and Education: the Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperation in Utah Digital Collection; Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Libraries USU Archives curator, phone (435) 797-0894.; Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library; Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, University Extension Service Reports, University Archives, 19.1/1:47 Boxes 8, 8a, 9, 10, 11 and Utah State University County Extension Agent Report Photograph Collection P0138 Box 2, Folders 41; Subject The topic of the resource Agricultural extension work--Publications--Utah--Davis County; Home economics extension work--Publications--Utah--Davis County; Clippings (Books, newspapers, etc.); Title A name given to the resource 1941 Davis County Annual Report of Agricultural and Home Demonstration Extension Work; Type The nature or genre of the resource Text; https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/23c2ba4382251471cbb4494c1a28ae0f.pdf ce0fff8a9e87b0fb18459f5f04ec1c4b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Extension, Enterprise, Education - Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Davis County (Utah); 1940-1949; 20th century; Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Agren, Ellen; Nichols, DeLore; Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1945 Description An account of the resource Annual report of Extension Services, 1945, County Agricultural Agent and Home Demonstration Agent, Davis County, State of Utah. From November 1, 1944 to October 31, 1945. Written by Ellen Agren, Home Demonstration Agent and and DeLore Nichols, Agricultural Agent. Annual reports narrate the Home Economic extension work carried out in Weber County, including reports on projects regarding food preparation, home management, clothing, beautification, Girl's Clubs, livestock, home reading, and local community projects. Annual reports narrate the agricultural extension work carried out in Weber County, including reports on irrigation, weed control, community improvement projects, livestock, grazing, insect control, and seed certification programs.; Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SCAUA-19p01s01c47Bx0017Fd1945.pdf Language A language of the resource eng; Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Utah State University. Cooperative Extension Service; United States. Office of Cooperative Extension Work; Relation A related resource University Extension Service Reports, University Archives, 19.1/1:47 Boxes 8, 8a, 9, 10, 11 Extension, Enterprise, and Education: the Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperation in Utah Digital Collection; Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Libraries USU Archives curator, phone (435) 797-0894.; Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library; Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, University Extension Service Reports, University Archives, 19.1/1:47 Boxes 8, 8a, 9, 10, 11; Subject The topic of the resource Agricultural extension work--Publications--Utah--Davis County; Home economics extension work--Publications--Utah--Davis County; Clippings (Books, newspapers, etc.); Title A name given to the resource 1945 Davis County Annual Report of Agricultural and Home Demonstration Extension Work; Type The nature or genre of the resource Text; https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/36a1e7dab48dc1a7c0f760640e42650b.pdf c55e31ad5be31da6cc3788a1d4be5317 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Extension, Enterprise, Education - Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Davis County, Utah, United States, http://sws.geonames.org/5773664; 20th century; 1940-1949; Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Agren, Ellen; Nichols, DeLore; Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1941 Description An account of the resource Annual report of Extension Services, 1941, County Agricultural Agent and Home Demonstration Agent, Davis County, Utah from November 16, 1940 to November 15, 1941. Written by Ellen Agren, Home Demonstration Agent and and DeLore Nichols, Agricultural Agent. Annual reports narrate the Home Economic extension work carried out in Davis County, including reports on projects regarding food preparation, home management, clothing, beautification, Girl's Clubs, livestock, home reading, and local community projects. Annual reports narrate the agricultural extension work carried out in Davis County, including reports on irrigation, weed control, community improvement projects, livestock, grazing, insect control, and seed certification programs. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf; Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SCAUA-19p01s01c47Bx0017Fd1941.pdf http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/coops/id/23738 Language A language of the resource eng; Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Utah State University. Cooperative Extension Service; United States. Office of Cooperative Extension Work; Relation A related resource University Extension Service Reports, University Archives, 19.1/1:47 and Utah State University County Extension Agent Report Photograph Collection, P0138 Extension, Enterprise, Education - Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperations in Utah Digital Collection http://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv31335 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives (435) 797-2663. Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library; Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, University Extension Service Reports, University Archives, 19.1/1:47 Box 17 and Utah State University County Extension Agent Report Photograph Collection P0138 Box 2, Fd 41 Subject The topic of the resource Agricultural extension work--Publications--Utah--Davis County; Home economics extension work--Publications--Utah--Davis County; Clippings (Books, newspapers, etc.); Extension work; Publications; Davis County; Agriculture; Community; Seeds; Weed control; Title A name given to the resource Annual Report of Extension Work Agents, Davis County, 1941 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text; https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/03d48883d9771a3c8d0c4364cabb1842.pdf ce0fff8a9e87b0fb18459f5f04ec1c4b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Extension, Enterprise, Education - Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Davis County, Utah, United States, http://sws.geonames.org/5773664; 20th century; 1940-1949; Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Agren, Ellen; Nichols, DeLore; Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1945 Description An account of the resource Annual report of Extension Services, County Agricultural Agent and Home Demonstration Agent, Davis County, Utah from November 1, 1944 to October 31, 1945. Written by Ellen Agren, Home Demonstration Agent and and DeLore Nichols, Agricultural Agent. Annual reports narrate the Home Economic extension work carried out in Davis County, including reports on projects regarding food preparation, home management, clothing, beautification, Girl's Clubs, livestock, home reading, and local community projects. Annual reports narrate the agricultural extension work carried out in Davis County, including reports on irrigation, weed control, community improvement projects, livestock, grazing, insect control, and seed certification programs. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf; Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SCAUA-19p01s01c47Bx0017Fd1945.pdf http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/coops/id/23741 Language A language of the resource eng; Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Utah State University. Cooperative Extension Service; United States. Office of Cooperative Extension Work; Relation A related resource University Extension Service Reports, University Archives, 19.1/1:47 Extension, Enterprise, Education - Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperations in Utah Digital Collection Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives (435) 797-2663. Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library; Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, University Extension Service Reports, University Archives, 19.1/1:47 Box 17 Subject The topic of the resource Agricultural extension work--Publications--Utah--Davis County; Home economics extension work--Publications--Utah--Davis County; Clippings (Books, newspapers, etc.); Extension work; Publications; Davis County; Agriculture; Community; Seeds; Weed control; Certifications; Title A name given to the resource Annual Report of Extension Work Agents, Davis County, 1945 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text; https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/0fcb74ed48c246763bf42c1786475969.pdf ad7eefc90376725930b647271aafc9da Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Extension, Enterprise, Education - Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Davis County, Utah, United States, http://sws.geonames.org/5773664; 20th century; 1940-1949; Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Agren, Ellen; Nichols, DeLore; Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1942 Description An account of the resource Annual report of Extension Services, 1942, County Agricultural Agent and Home Demonstration Agent, Davis County, Utah from November 1, 1941 to October 31, 1942. Written by Ellen Agren, Home Demonstration Agent and and DeLore Nichols, Agricultural Agent. Annual reports narrate the Home Economic extension work carried out in Davis County, including reports on projects regarding food preparation, home management, clothing, beautification, Girl's Clubs, livestock, home reading, and local community projects. Annual reports narrate the agricultural extension work carried out in Davis County, including reports on irrigation, weed control, community improvement projects, livestock, grazing, insect control, and seed certification programs. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf; Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SCAUA-19p01s01c47Bx0017Fd1942.pdf http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/coops/id/23759 Language A language of the resource eng; Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Utah State University. Cooperative Extension Service; United States. Office of Cooperative Extension Work; Relation A related resource University Extension Service Reports, University Archives, 19.1/1:47 and Utah State University County Extension Agent Report Photograph Collection P0138 Extension, Enterprise, Education - Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperations in Utah Digital Collection http://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv31335 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives (435) 797-2663. Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library; Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, University Extension Service Reports, University Archives, 19.1/1:47 Box 17 and Utah State University County Extension Agent Report Photograph Collection P0138 Box 2, Fd 42 Subject The topic of the resource Agricultural extension work--Publications--Utah--Davis County; Home economics extension work--Publications--Utah--Davis County; Clippings (Books, newspapers, etc.); Extension work; Publications; Davis County; Agriculture; Community; Seeds; Weed control; Certifications; Title A name given to the resource Annual Report of Extension Work Agents, Davis County, 1942 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text; https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/53f1bf3fd6451242861d93dbfadaf97d.pdf ec2dd5df7e5af60462bdf8aac52f7630 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Extension, Enterprise, Education - Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Davis County (Utah); 1940-1949; 20th century; Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Agren, Ellen; Nichols, DeLore; Bingham, Dean R.; Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1944 Description An account of the resource Annual report of Extension Services, 1944, County Agricultural Agent and Home Demonstration Agent, Davis County, State of Utah. From November 1, 1943 to October 31, 1944. Written by Ellen Agren, Home Demonstration Agent and and DeLore Nichols, Agricultural Agent. Annual reports narrate the Home Economic extension work carried out in Weber County, including reports on projects regarding food preparation, home management, clothing, beautification, Girl's Clubs, livestock, home reading, and local community projects. Annual reports narrate the agricultural extension work carried out in Weber County, including reports on irrigation, weed control, community improvement projects, livestock, grazing, insect control, and seed certification programs.; Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SCAUA-19p01s01c47Bx0017Fd1944.pdf Language A language of the resource eng; Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Utah State University. Cooperative Extension Service; United States. Office of Cooperative Extension Work; Relation A related resource University Extension Service Reports, University Archives, 19.1/1:47 Boxes 8, 8a, 9, 10, 11 Extension, Enterprise, and Education: the Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperation in Utah Digital Collection; Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Libraries USU Archives curator, phone (435) 797-0894.; Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library; Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, University Extension Service Reports, University Archives, 19.1/1:47 Boxes 8, 8a, 9, 10, 11; Subject The topic of the resource Agricultural extension work--Publications--Utah--Davis County; Home economics extension work--Publications--Utah--Davis County; Clippings (Books, newspapers, etc.); Title A name given to the resource 1944 Davis County Annual Report of Agricultural and Home Demonstration Extension Work; Type The nature or genre of the resource Text; https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/a4de26ab4b8471345fab83a316845e97.pdf ec2dd5df7e5af60462bdf8aac52f7630 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Extension, Enterprise, Education - Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Davis County, Utah, United States, http://sws.geonames.org/5773664; 20th century; 1940-1949; Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Agren, Ellen; Nichols, DeLore; Bingham, Dean R.; Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1944 Description An account of the resource Annual report of Extension Services, 1944, County Agricultural Agent and Home Demonstration Agent, Davis County, Utah from November 1, 1943 to October 31, 1944. Written by Ellen Agren, Home Demonstration Agent and and DeLore Nichols, Agricultural Agent. Annual reports narrate the Home Economic extension work carried out in Davis County, including reports on projects regarding food preparation, home management, clothing, beautification, Girl's Clubs, livestock, home reading, and local community projects. Annual reports narrate the agricultural extension work carried out in Davis County, including reports on irrigation, weed control, community improvement projects, livestock, grazing, insect control, and seed certification programs. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf; Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SCAUA-19p01s01c47Bx0017Fd1944.pdf http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/coops/id/23740 Language A language of the resource eng; Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Utah State University. Cooperative Extension Service; United States. Office of Cooperative Extension Work; Relation A related resource University Extension Service Reports, University Archives, 19.1/1:47 Extension, Enterprise, Education - Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperations in Utah Digital Collection Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives (435) 797-2663. Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library; Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, University Extension Service Reports, University Archives, 19.1/1:47 Box 17 Subject The topic of the resource Agricultural extension work--Publications--Utah--Davis County; Home economics extension work--Publications--Utah--Davis County; Clippings (Books, newspapers, etc.); Extension work; Home economics; Clippings; Davis County, Agriculture; Publications; Title A name given to the resource Annual Report of Extension Work Agents, Davis County, 1944 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text; https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/45d8174a3242a952cb8225ab886663e1.pdf 631a2037e99125335f03d1b7efafeef4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Regreening Cache Valley Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Cache National Forest (Utah and Idaho); Utah; Idaho; United States; Uinta-Wasatch-Cache National Forest; 20th century; 1910-1919; Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Aldous, Alfred E. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1910-10-27 Description An account of the resource Ecological Report on the Cache National Forest submitted by a District Forester Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg; Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/regreening/id/1315 SCAMSS0491Bx001Fd15.pdf Language A language of the resource eng; Relation A related resource Scott Bushman Collection (unprocessed) Regreening of Cache Valley Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Libraries Photograph Curator, phone (435) 797-0890. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, Unprocessed Manuscript Collection; Subject The topic of the resource Cache National Forest (Utah and Idaho)--United States; Title A name given to the resource Ecological Report on the Cache National Forest Type The nature or genre of the resource Text; https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/29ec28429924464ee848f2e440a2a891.pdf 5a25492412dcf28819950848345affb7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Regreening Cache Valley Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Bryam, Robert Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Cache National Forest (Utah and Idaho); Utah; Idaho; United States; Uinta-Wasatch-Cache National Forest; 20th century; 1940-1949; Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Anderson, R. C. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1941-09-01 Description An account of the resource Report submitted by R. C. Anderson titled: Historical Data on Grazing in Intermountain Region as Obtained from Original Users and Others. Includes receipts and profits in early days compared to present (1940s) conditions. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg; Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/regreening/id/1259 SCAMSS0491Bx001Fd26-004.pdf Language A language of the resource eng; Relation A related resource Scott Bushman Collection (unprocessed) Regreening of Cache Valley Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Libraries Photograph Curator, phone (435) 797-0890. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, Unprocessed Manuscript Collection; Subject The topic of the resource Cache National Forest (Utah and Idaho)--United States; Title A name given to the resource Historical Data on Grazing in Intermountain Region as Obtained from Original Users and Others: Robert Byram Type The nature or genre of the resource Text; https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/88faebd529d633dcd6109223723b7ab5.pdf ddf71895a6204cd93b85763f5a0b8f11 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Regreening Cache Valley Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Cache National Forest (Utah and Idaho); Utah; Idaho; United States; Uinta-Wasatch-Cache National Forest; 20th century; 1940-1949; Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Anderson, R. C. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1941-02-14 Description An account of the resource Report to the Forest Supervisor submitted by R. C. Anderson, Forest Ranger, regarding a sheep and cattle operator named J. W. Thornley of Kaysville, Utah. Information about the early livestock industry and stockmens' attitudes toward the forest reserves. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg; Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/regreening/id/1412 SCAMSS0491Bx001Fd28-001.pdf Language A language of the resource eng; Relation A related resource Scott Bushman Collection (unprocessed) Regreening of Cache Valley Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Libraries Photograph Curator, phone (435) 797-0890. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, Unprocessed Manuscript Collection; Subject The topic of the resource Cache National Forest (Utah and Idaho)--United States; Title A name given to the resource Report to the Forest Supervisor Type The nature or genre of the resource Text; https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/cd4af0ab1eda469c330063de424c79df.pdf 1655c8e25a6c3fe60114753cf7a04cb0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Regreening Cache Valley Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Sorensen, William Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Cache National Forest (Utah and Idaho); Utah; Idaho; United States; Uinta-Wasatch-Cache National Forest; 20th century; 1940-1949; Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Anderson, R. C. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1941-08-28 Description An account of the resource Report submitted by R. C. Anderson titled: Historical Data on Grazing in Intermountain Region as Obtained from Original Users and Others. Includes receipts and profits in early days compared to present (1940s) conditions. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg; Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/regreening/id/1666 SCAMSS0491Bx001Fd26-010.pdf Language A language of the resource eng; Relation A related resource Scott Bushman Collection (unprocessed) Regreening of Cache Valley Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Libraries Photograph Curator, phone (435) 797-0890. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, Unprocessed Manuscript Collection; Subject The topic of the resource Cache National Forest (Utah and Idaho)--United States; Title A name given to the resource Historical Data on Grazing in Intermountain Region as Obtained from Original Users and Others: William Sorensen Type The nature or genre of the resource Text; https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/e62ddafec8a620632ee4de2fc37c59d5.pdf dda6d8562b113890c9d14753f72b15f6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Regreening Cache Valley Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Peterson, Henry Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Cache National Forest (Utah and Idaho); Utah; Idaho; United States; Uinta-Wasatch-Cache National Forest; 20th century; 1940-1949; Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Anderson, R. C. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1941-08-05 Description An account of the resource Report submitted by R. C. Anderson titled: Historical Data on Grazing in Intermountain Region as Obtained from Original Users and Others. Includes receipts and profits in early days compared to present (1940s) conditions. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg; Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/regreening/id/1670 SCAMSS0491Bx001Fd26-007.pdf Language A language of the resource eng; Relation A related resource Scott Bushman Collection (unprocessed) Regreening of Cache Valley Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Libraries Photograph Curator, phone (435) 797-0890. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, Unprocessed Manuscript Collection; Subject The topic of the resource Cache National Forest (Utah and Idaho)--United States; Title A name given to the resource Historical Data on Grazing in Intermountain Region as Obtained from Original Users and Others: Henry Peterson Type The nature or genre of the resource Text; https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/08cdf375f55456760b758ae24ea7a7a4.pdf 52984019e7b24b85387c7904ea4cb9da Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Regreening Cache Valley Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Marriott, M. Stewart Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Cache National Forest (Utah and Idaho); Utah; Idaho; United States; Uinta-Wasatch-Cache National Forest; 20th century; 1940-1949; Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Anderson, R. C. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1941-08-20 Description An account of the resource Report submitted by R. C. Anderson titled: Historical Data on Grazing in Intermountain Region as Obtained from Original Users and Others. Includes receipts and profits in early days compared to present (1940s) conditions. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg; Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/regreening/id/2141 SCAMSS0491Bx001Fd26-001.pdf Language A language of the resource eng; Relation A related resource Scott Bushman Collection (unprocessed) Regreening of Cache Valley Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Libraries Photograph Curator, phone (435) 797-0890. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, Unprocessed Manuscript Collection; Subject The topic of the resource Cache National Forest (Utah and Idaho)--United States; Title A name given to the resource Historical Data on Grazing in Intermountain Region as Obtained from Original Users and Others: M. Stewart Marriott Type The nature or genre of the resource Text; https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/5914f44fabe38ee8f714997d81b9541a.pdf 8c90426dd53c59a14a4892f698fdf6c6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Extension, Enterprise, Education - Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Utah, United States, http://sws.geonames.org/5549030 ; 20th century; 1950-1959; Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Anderson, Roice H.; Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1956-04 Description An account of the resource Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 381, "The Organization and Structure of Egg Marketing in Utah," by Roice H. Anderson, April 1956. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf; Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SCAUA-18p01No0381.pdf http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/coops/id/23460 Language A language of the resource eng; Relation A related resource University Archives 18.1 no. 381 Extension, Enterprise, and Education: the Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperation in Utah Digital Collection; Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives (435) 797-2663. Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, University Archives 18.1 no. 381 Subject The topic of the resource Agricultural extension work--Publications; Egg trade--Utah; Farm produce--Marketing--Utah; Utah State Agricultural College--Publications; Cooperative marketing of farm produce--Utah; Extension work; Agriculture; Publications; Eggs; Farms; Utah State Agricultural College; Cooperatives; Title A name given to the resource The Organization and Structure of Egg Marketing in Utah by Roice H. Anderson Type The nature or genre of the resource Text; https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/156d6e18e4fe32b2754a786a709a1e91.pdf 2abb4118a0e6cafcfe35eb8358993645 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Becker Brewing and Malting Company Records Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Ogden, Utah Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Anheuser-Busch Brewing Association; Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1911 Description An account of the resource In 1895 the Becker Brewing and Malting Company received the rights to be a Utah distributor for Anheuser-Busch products. This brochure outlines a brief history of the Anheuser-Busch Brewing Association and then describes why their beer products are superior. The back page is engraved with the Becker Brewing and Malting Company name, marking them as a distributor. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf; 2941226 Bytes Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/p16944coll29/id/6 Language A language of the resource eng; Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Digitized by: Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library Relation A related resource Becker Brewing and Malting Company Records Addendum https://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv52359 Becker Brewing and Malting Company Records Collection Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives (435) 797-2663 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, [Becker Brewing and Malting Company Records Addendum, CAINEMSS31Addendum Series 03, Box 001, Folder 17, Item 002] Subject The topic of the resource Becker Brewing and Malting Company; Anheuser-Busch Brewing Association; Budweiser; Title A name given to the resource Becker Brewing and Malting Company's Anheuser-Busch Brewing Association Distribution Brochure, circa 1911 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text; https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/42acf12b5073425c5cc0dbf9ba011684.pdf 4a075a69554e745b382104b85045c9df Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Becker Brewing and Malting Company Records Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Ogden, Utah; St. Louis, Missouri Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Anheuser-Busch Brewing Association; Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1895-12-04 Description An account of the resource This letter, from the Anheuser-Busch Brewing Association to the Becker Brewing and Malting Company, outlines the agreed upon terms of business between the two companies. In 1895 the Becker Brewing and Malting Company acquired the rights to be the distributor of Anheuser-Busch products from Mr. William Wecker. The Company agreed to assume and pay Mr. Wecker's debts to Anheuser-Busch in order to receive their agency. B I-lE \.vERS OF FINE BI::ER E XC LUS IVELY. Becker Brewi ng Be }.. 1 : a 1 t i rg Co. Ogden Utah . Ge nt 1 emen : - ST. LOUIS. MO.U.S:A . December 4th 1895 Your faro r of th e 25 t h u lt . add r es s ed to Mr. Geo. Kru.g has been r eferred t o us, and we no te th at you have ass '.Jmed Mr . Wecker' s busi ness, an d tl esire to c o nt i nue t he sale o f our beer at Og de n. We are als 0 in rec ei pt o f a l etter ack nowlecigi ng the co rr-e c tness of :Mr . Wecker's ind e btedness, amounti ng to '$3425.06, which you intend to assu me, bu t as a l a r e e par t o f th i s ind ebtedness has be en past due, we thi nk S OIre arrar:gene nt s hould be mad e to liqui date i t wi thi n a reas 0 nable ti me . We propos e th at y ou pay $ 1000 cas h, a n d t he talance in monthly p@J rnents of $ 500 every month hereafter, s o t hat the last pay-ment 5 months he nce be $425.06, a..!'ld we suppose this would be accep-table to y ou, a s it gives you a mp le time t o realize on the assets turne d over by Mr. Wec k er. Wi 11 y ou p lease advise us. Regarding prices and terIIB for futu re s hi pments, we under-starn from Mr . Krue ttlat t he same p rices Will govern future shipments Becke r Brewi m: & },1alt i re Co. 2 . as t hos e enjoyed by 11!1r. Wecker, and t hat e ach shipment i s t o be drawn f o r at 30 day s, which no dou b t will be ent ire ly satis facto -ry t o you. We f eel co nfi de nt that you wi 11 be able not o nly t o mai n­t Ed.. n , but i nc teas e t he sal e 0 f cur beer " and VI e ''Ii 11 be p leas ed t o be favored so on wi th an or de r. You TS tru 1'1, Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf; 888512 Bytes Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/p16944coll29/id/7 Language A language of the resource eng; Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Digitized by: Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library Relation A related resource Becker Brewing and Malting Company Records Addendum https://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv52359 Becker Brewing and Malting Company Records Collection Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives (435) 797-2663 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, [Becker Brewing and Malting Company Records Addendum, CAINEMSS31Addendum Series 03, Box 001, Folder 17, Item 006] Subject The topic of the resource Becker Brewing and Malting Company; Anheuser-Busch Brewing Association; Business; Title A name given to the resource Anheuser-Busch Letter, 1895 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text; https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/eb36d0cb5ac1449037a30ace379ef916.pdf 79d9f6f9c70490cdde7ac5cbb5f58a40 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource St. Anne's Retreat Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Logan Canyon (Utah); Cache County (Utah); United States; 2000-2009; 21st century; Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Anna-Maria Arnljots Description An account of the resource This thesis talks about legend-tripping at St. Anne’s Retreat and examines the origin and history of Hecate who plays a central role in this oral tradition. LEGEND-TRIPPING AT ST. ANNE'S RETREAT and HECATE IN LOGAN CANYON: ORIGIN, BELIEF, AND CONTEMPORARY ORAL TRADITION by Anna-Maria Sna:bjornsd6ttir Arnlj6ts Two essays submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Approved: Jeannie Thomas Committee Member of MASTER OF ARTS In American Studies (Plan B) Barre Toelken Major Professor UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY Logan, Utah 2000 Randy Williams Committee Member • • Legend-Tripping at St. Anne's Retreat What is now referred to as St. Anne's Retreat was initially a summer home eight miles up Logan Canyon, east of Logan, Utah. It was built in the 1930s by the Boyd Hatch family from New York, and Mrs. Hortense OdIum. The property was donated in the 1950s to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Salt Lake City, and it was used occasionally as a retreat and a vacation place for Sisters of the Holy Cross. Because it was not in continuous use, there was ample opportunity for vandals to visit, even on nights when the sisters were present. This prompted the nuns to get watch dogs to alert them to the presence of intruders. The sisters felt unsafe with the increase of the sometimes intoxicated young trespassers and vandals, and stopped coming to the retreat. In 1992, Mark Epstein, together with some other investors, bought the property with plans of turning it into vacation homes (Herald Journal, October 15, 1997. Pg. 16). What these investors may not have anticipated was the long standing cultural gap between local Mormons and Catholics, and how fear, belief, prejudice, and a generally accepted folk tradition of legend-tripping would interfere with their hopes of vacationing peacefully in the beautiful mountains of Logan Canyon. Legend-tripping is a term that Linda Degh, William Ellis, and others use in describing the practice of visiting the sites of supernatural legends. In a collection of essays called "Legend-Trips and Satanism: Adolescents' Ostensive Tradition as 'Cult' Activity, " Ellis quotes Kenneth Thigpen who describes legend tripping in three parts consisting of "1) initiation into the story; 2) performing the acts that 'cause the fulfillment of the legend'; and 3) retrospective discussion of what participants believed happened, which then feeds back into the core story into which newcomers were • • • • • • • • • initiated" (Ellis 1991 :280). The legends surrounding St. Anne's have provided a thrill to local adolescents for generations as is manifested by the number of people of all generations who claim to have taken part in legend tripping at St. Anne's. St. Anne's retreat and the legends associated with it achieved national media attention when over 30 high school students seeking to experience the "trip" of this legendary place, were caught and fell into the hands of vigilante security guards. The students were captured by three men, who were armed with shotguns; they were then roped around the neck, handcuffed, and forced to kneel in an empty swimming pool (Herald Journal, October 12, 1997, pg. 1). The legend-tripping youths embarked on a "trip" more exciting than they had anticipated as some were allegedly verbally threatened, physically abused, and sexually assaulted while awaiting the arrival of the local police. What followed this incident was a public uproar against the watchmen's use of force against the trespassers. This paper will look at the circumstances around this event and how age differences, religious folklore, and other cultural constructions play important roles in the maintenance of a vivid local legend cluster. The paper will further analyze versions of the St. Anne legend currently circulating among local high school students. I ultimately hope to illustrate how the nature of folklore is manifested by incorporating the vigilante incident into the legend cluster ofSt. Anne's retreat, evident in some ofthe recent versions collected from seniors at a Logan High School. The angry response of parents whose children were manhandled at the Retreat while legend-tripping on Halloween in 1997 was based on their notion that teenage trips to St. Anne's were so common that they constituted an understandable, coherent 2 • • • • • • • tradition, the rationale of which was more important than the relatively trivial matter of trespass. In other words, local concepts of justice are heavily influenced here-as elsewhere in the world-by local traditions. And if the tradition and its intemallogic are that important, of course it tacitly affirms the local attitudes on differences in religion. A different example of local concepts of justice being influenced by tradition may be the blood libel case involving a child: Andrew ofRinn at Judenstein, a town near Innsbruck, Austria is said in legend to have died by ritual murder at the hands of a Jew. Alan Dundes relates that Eli Wiesenthal, a Nazi-hunter, "voices his dismay at seeing full cars and busloads of school children making annual pilgrimages to Rinn under the tutelage of their religious instructors to see the ritual murder lie depicted as a historical event ... [t]his is depicted by three figures made of wood or wax in a menacing pose with knives in hand surrounding a stone upon which was stretched out a supplicating infant garbed in white" (Dundes, 342). In spite of great effort to stop pilgrimages to this blood libel legend site, including orders from Pope John Paul XXli to remove certain statues-the legend is treated as historical fact and thus the local concepts of justice in Rinn, and the power of their folk belief and tradition carry on unchanged. The parallel seen between the St. Anne's legends and the blood libel legends is clearly that local belief and tradition in both cases justify a long standing custom--one that penetrates basic principles and issues of a local population. For the St. Anne's legend this means legend­tripping to experience the legend by ostension; and in the case of Andrew ofRinn at Judenstein, pilgrimages to the site that commemorates the child murdered there. Recollections from older locals of the Cache Valley region, recalling their visit to the "Nunnery," suggest a general consent to this behavior of legend-tripping associated 3 • • • • • • • • • with the belief and its tradition and suggests that this ritual functions as a rite of passage for local individuals. This is evident from older generations of legend-trippers that established the tradition of visiting St. Anne's; and thus viewed as a custom that one would expect most locals to have participated in. The youths apprehended in Logan Canyon on Halloween 1997 who expected fulfillment of the St. Anne legend, really did get a thrill-but not of the sort they expected. Instead of red-eyed Dobermans, the haunting sound of murdered babies crying out, Witch Hekate in the shape of a cloud moving down the mountain, the car not starting, boulders falling down the mountain upon curious visitors, blood in the swimming pool, (representing the death that the pool is so much associated with), these trippers were ambushed in the night by armed men with shotguns and held hostage for two hours. Another story involving St. Anne's Retreat reflects an incident that again deals with local traditions confronting an aggregate concept of justice. Diane Browning, a former journalist for the local newspaper, The Herald Journal, wrote an article in 1986, telling of the St. Anne's Retreat legends as a ghost story for Halloween. She related the history of the article to me in a phone conversation (1997). After a co-worker told her one of the St. Anne's legends, they decided it would be a fun piece to write for Halloween (1986). However, the article instead created an emotional response from the Logan Catholic community, who took the article as an intentional provocation. Diane described verbally abusive anonymous phone calls and irate letters to the editor in The Herald Journal. Also outraged by her article was the incumbent priest, who spent two consecutive Sundays attacking the author from the pulpit, promoting a charged atmosphere. 4 • • • • • • • • • • Legend versions that Browning discussed in her article include: nuns raped and murdered at the retreat, a nun who had given birth to a child while at St. Anne's, drowning the baby in the swimming pool, and a nun coming out of the woods accompanied by two white Doberman Pinschers with red eyes. Browning ended the article by saying: "A note to the adventuresome: St. Anne's is located on private property and is patrolled regularly by a night watchman" (Herald Journal, October 26, 1986). This statement seems somewhat ironic-since eleven years later-the community becomes witness to an incident on this property that specifically deals with vigilante actions by the night watchmen. Browning's newspaper article and the trespassing incident in 1997 involving St. Anne's, illustrate the magnificent potential of a legend, and the powerful role that it plays in local folklore. This is further illustrated by the resiliency of the legend as it persists in its navigation through time, through a periodic resurgence, giving rise to otherwise dormant tensions between the Mormon majority and the Catholic minority in Logan. In the Fife Folklore Archives at Utah State University are some 50 legend versions of the St. Anne's Retreat, and an additional 25 of the related Hecate legend version, collected by students through the years. Several examples of these follow here to facilitate an understanding the concepts and ideas involved in this discussion. The current oral legend tradition appears to contain a basic version: example 1-8; and a trespassing version that follows as trespass versions 1-4. [stories are written verbatim]. 5 • • • • • • • • • • • 1. The Old Nun I once heard of some kids from Hyrum that went up to the old Catholic Nunnery in Logan Canyon. There was three boys and three girls. It was really late at night when they went, the guy had wanted to really scare their girlfriends. They got out of their car, walked down the path towards the Nunnery. Along the way was a couple of ponds. When they walked past the ponds little hands reached up and grabbed all of them around the ankles. They were all so scared that they took off running back to the car. Some of the guys started asking around as to why this happened. An old Priest that lives here in the valley told them that when there were people from the church living there, some of the Nuns became pregnant by the Priests. The Nuns would carry the baby to full term, and then to save the Church from embarrassment, they would drown their babies in the ponds. When strangers enter the property and walk by the ponds the babies' spirits will grab at them; they try and pull themselves out of the water to keep from drowning (Fife Folklore Archives, L2.1.12.1.27). 2. Freezing Nuns St. Anne's was a place where nuns could go on a vacation, usually in the summer or winter. One winter a long time ago, some nuns went up there to stay. It was a very severe winter with lots of snow so a man had to bring their supplies to them every week. He would take their fuel and food to them because it was the only way they could get it. One week the man couldn't get his wagon through, and he had to wait about two weeks before he could go up there again. He finally made it up to the retreat, and he found all the nuns had starved and frozen to death. He noticed that their bodies had been chewed by dogs. He was very worried about this, and was just leaving when he saw one of the nuns, whose name was Hekeda. She began chasing him with her two dogs. He got away and told the towns people what had happened. Hekeda still haunts the retreat with her dogs, and you can see her chasing you in your rearview mirror as you are leaving. It is believed she is of the devil (Fife Folklore Archives, ColI. 8. USU. 84- 050. Item 5). 3. St. Anne's Retreat St. Anne's Retreat was originally established up Logan Canyon for Cache Valley's Catholic nuns who needed to "get away" from things for awhile. One nun got herself in trouble and as time passed her problem became more noticeable. He[r] superiors knew that something needed to be done-she couldn't walk the streets in her condition, so she was sent to the St. Anne's for the duration of her pregnancy. The Mother Superior at St. Anne's talked this nun into putting up the baby for adoption when it was born, because she 6 • • • • • • • • • • thought this sort of thing was horrible. If the nun would agree to do as the Mother Superior said, the Mother Superior would help her. If not, then she could fend for herself. Well, as time went by and this nun spent her time reading, thinking, swimming in the pool, and walking around the retreat and in the nearby woods, she began to think of this child and knew she could never give it up. She decided to leave the order and raise her baby. When the baby was born she told her decision to the Mother Superior. The Mother Superior did not agree and felt that she had to end this situation. One day when this nun was sleeping, the Mother Superior took the baby and drowned him in the swimming pool. The nun took it very hard, but couldn't believe the Mother Superior would actually do this. She thought the Mother Superior had taken the baby and given him to a family, or was hiding him on the retreat somewhere. As she was recovering, she would take walks around the retreat to see if she could find her baby. As she walked by the pool one day, the Mother Superior pushed her in and she drowned. The Mother Superior thought she had rectified the problem, and now could live with herself after taking care of this nun. About three weeks later another nun was sent to St. Anne's to rest and relax for a couple of weeks. One day as she was walking past the swimming pool she saw a nun floating face down in the pool. She screamed, and the Mother Superior came to see what the problem was. The Mother Superior tried to grab at the nun in the pool, but the nun disappeared. The second nun wanted to know what had happened, but the Mother Superior would not say anything. The second nun called the Father and told him to come up to the St. Anne's because there was something wrong. the Father came and got to the bottom of what had happened and soon after, the Mother Superior was taken from St. Anne's. Shortly after this happened, the Catholic church sold St. Anne's Retreat. St. Anne's is still used as a get away place for various groups and there have been reports that the one nun is still looking for her baby. Some have seen her walking around the retreat, and some have seen her floating in the pool. While there are no reports of anyone talking to this nun, there are plenty of reports of people who have seen her, so as you go camping in this part of Logan Canyon, beware of the nun (Fife Folklore Archives, L2.1.12.1.34). 4. Saint-Ann-Retreat Saint-Ann was a nunery a long time ago. As Catholic, nuns are not suppose to have sex or any relationship with male. However, some nuns up at Saint­Ann had broke the rule and got pregnant. When babies were born, the nuns killed the babies by drowning them in a pool in the back of Sain-Ann. Some of the nuns felt guilty and killed themselves also. Now, the nuns sometimes appear back to visit the place. There is a watchman with two dobermans and a gun to keep the public out (Fife Folklore Archives, L2.1.12.1.14). 7 • • • • • • • • • • 5. Hekeda and Her Dogs All the nuns and mother superior lived at St. Anne's. One of the nun's name was Hekeda, and she took care of seven afghan hounds. In the early 1920' s a guy went up there and killed and raped them all. All of the bodies were found except Hekeda's and the dog's. Every time someone goes up to St. Anne's to fix it up, they always hear dogs barking, and then see a lantern on the ountain. You can see the figure of a woman walking her dogs up there at night. If you yell the name Hekeda three times, a blue fog will cover your car, and you won't be able to come down out of the canyon (Fife Folklore Archives, ColI. 8. USU. 84-050. Item 6). 6. The Lynching Mob This actually happened sometime in the early sixties. St. Anne's was a vacation area, and there were about twelve or thirteen nuns up there when one of them went bezerk. She just went bonkers. She had been training these four Black Labs, which she had gotten from Hekeda, to kill. She kept them in a woodshed on the mountainside, and one night she let the dogs loose. She got a lantern and a hatchet, and she and her dogs slaughtered all of the nuns. Time passed and nothing was discovered until someone made a delivery to the retreat. The person who found the dead nuns went back to Logan and got a bunch of people together. This mob of people went up to St. Anne's, and they found the crazy nun, and they decided to hang her. They gave her the chance to speak her last words, and she said, "I will forever haunt this place." She still haunts St. Anne's today (Fife Folklore Archives, ColI. 8. USU. 84-050. Item 8). 7. Saint Anne's Retreat A long time ago there used to be a nunnery at Saint Anne's. One of the nuns got pregnant by a young priest. She hid the fact that she was pregnant for a long time. When she had the baby she was told she had to leave the nunnery. She was grieved at what had happened and went out and drowned her baby in the swimming pool, then hung herself. Her spirit haunts the place in the form of a dog. Sometimes people can hear dogs howling at Saint Anne's. Nobody has ever seen the dogs (Fife Folklore Archives, L2.1.12.1.37). 8. Heckada If you go up Logan Canyon to 3rd dam and cross the bridge into the Spring Hollow area or go to the Quarry up Providence Canyon, you can summon the Devil's wife, her name is Heckada. My friend's brother's girlfriend's brother had a friend that did this very thing. He and a date 8 • • • • • • • • • • went up to the Spring Hollow area, for some romancing. After being turned down he got out of the car and yelled the phrase "Heckada, come get me" this was the saying that you needed to say to get Heckada to appear. After saying it a few times he returned to the car. His date was scared, which was his main intention for doing the little prank, or so he thought. After a few minutes of sitting there they began to hear dogs barking, they looked up and saw a green glowing chariot pulled by six wolves, and a mistress with long flowing hair at the reins. At about the same instance the doors locked, the boy and date was pretty scared by this time so the boy tried to get the car started but it seemed like the battery was dead, nothing would start or no lights would come on. By this time the wolves were on the hood of the car clawing at it and grow ling. The mistress stared into the boy's eyes and said "I have come for you." The boy freaked out and didn't know what to do, the girl was screaming and crying. Then the boy remembered to say "In the name of Jesus Christ I command you to leave," at the very instance of saying that, the mistress and her wolves disappeared. The boy then started the car and returned to Logan. Upon returning to his date's house they looked at the hood and saw scratches that the wolves left (Fife Folklore Archives, L2.3.1.15.9). These legends may function to express curiosity, suspicion and even fear of a minority religion by a local majority. They may also function as a means of illustrating the idea that outside religions are too strange for local adolescents to take seriously by creating a sense of fear and skepticism about their behavior. Such stories allow for hostility toward another group to be expressed in narrative dramas rather than the form of physical harm. Nonetheless, it is clear that there is a considerable emotional load in these stories as well, and it is important for us to wonder why. It will become increasingly clear through these legend examples and discussion throughout this paper of different themes and issues that surface, and the function that this oral tradition serves. The trespass legend versions that circulate today tell about the horrors occurring during the incident on Halloween of 1997. Examples 1-4 follow: 9 • • • • • • • • • • • Trespass Story: 1 My father has told me stories of when he would visit there, and my friend did some research on it last summer. I've heard about the kids that went up there and the caretaker tied them up in the pool and harassed them [my emphasis]. My father told me about stories where he would go up there and play pranks on his dates. Him and his friends would dress up like ghosts and act out scenes with real rifles and blanks. I have heard something about somebody dying in the pool, and people making sacrifice up there [merger of traditional story and trespass version of 1997] (Logan High survey). Trespass Story: 2 I heard that there were some high school students were at the nunery and they got kidnapped [my emphasis] and tied up and I heard they were breaking into [my emphasis] the nunery (Logan High survey). Trespass Story: 3 I probably only know rumors from people around me at my school. I don't know any facts about it. I have heard that there is a nunery up the canyon where little kids were murdered. Then I heard that kids from my school and others went up there and got caught by cops. My friend has been there, and she said it was really scary [a mixture of the basic story and trespass version of 1997] (Logan High survey). Trespass Story: 4 The only thing that I have heard about it was about the teens who where trying to break in and they got harassed [my emphasis] [1997 events] (Logan High survey). There are several themes that can be observed in various versions of these legends that address the Mormon-Catholic tensions. The story of "Witch Hekate," identified with the Mother Superior, and her red-eyed Dobermans, symbolize the evil connotation that the locals have associated with the Catholic church. The ancient belief of dogs as a 10 • • • • • • • • • • • symbol of evil is seen in this legend by .the presence of Witch Hekate's Dobermans­further attempting to associate the nuns as evil (Barre Toelken, personal communication). Also with origins in ancient belief, is the theme of sexuality and pregnancy at St. Anne' s- which comes from the old notion that nuns and priests secretly engaged in sexual encounters (Barre Toelken, personal communication). In the case of the legend, the horror of disposing of these unwanted pregnancies follows. The congruency between the dramatic images of the legends and local western and Mormon values suggests still another level of meaning for these narratives. Teenagers from a patriarchal society go away from town to experience the thrill of danger in a female-dominated place; teenagers who are dating but are exhorted to refrain from sex until after marriage go there to be thrilled by legends of women who are prohibited from having sex, and who don't get married, but who have illegitimate babies anyway; espousing religion and abhorring murder, they visit places where religious people are said to have been murdered. To understand the emotional load and the religious dimension in these legends is to understand local belief and perception of the world, including the presence of the Catholic Retreat established some fifty years ago Logan Canyon. Fundamental attitudes of Mormons towards Catholics is an essential component of the religious dimension, but what appears prominent through the legends is gender-and the struggle to maintain, and confirm the male role in this religious culture. The legends serve as faith promoting events of not only the male establishing his role as dominant, but also to verify that the Mormon church is superior and one that will prevail over the other. 11 • • • • • • • • • • • Mormon attitudes towards Catholics is well documented. Thomas quotes the following from personal communication with William A. Wilson, a Mormon scholar: Mormons see Catholics as the principal apostate church. Protestant churches have at least tried to draw closer to the original church in their reform movements, but Catholics have steadfastly persisted in their error, in their apostasy, and are therefore easily connected with evil. Bruce McConkie called the Catholic Church the great and abominable church before he was forced to recant; some missionaries refer to the church as the "G & A." Missionaries to Catholic countries often come home with tales of evil nuns and priests" (Thomas, 18). It is clear to see how attitudes such as these mentioned can determine the perception of this particular religious culture. Through the legends one can detect apprehension, fear and anxieties of the presence of the outside religion as well maintain male dominance of this patriarchal culture. The male confirms his status and role as dominant male legend-tripping through ostension to maintain, and confirm the importance and continuation of his role as male in his culture. Male dominance is established in legend as initiator of courtship; protector against evil by averting evil with power of priesthood (Example above: 2. Heckada: L2.3.1.15.9). Another theme presented in some legends is the female outsider vs. the male insider: the female breaks the rules in these legends and pays the penalty. She either becomes ostracized as the nun who becomes pregnant in St. Anne's Retreat: (L2. 1. 12. 1.34) which is noted by the following: St. Anne's Retreat was originally established up Logan Canyon for Cache Valley's Catholic nuns who needed to "get away" from things for awhile. One nun got herself in trouble ... she couldn't walk the streets in her condition, so she was sent to St. Anne's ... " This may not only be illustrating the attitudes of the local Mormon religion of their perception of such a 12 • • • • • • • • • • • situation by stating that pregnant unwed women cause shame and should be hidden away-but this situation may also be inverse of reality and that it reflects their own attitudes about as if happened to their own. The punishment for breaking moral codes may even become rape and murder as in the following version S. "Hekeda and Her Dogs" (Fife Folklore Archives, ColI. 8. usu. ColI. 8. 84-0S0.Item 6). The stories projected on the nuns and the punishment received for breaking the rules may illustrate local attitudes and feelings towards moral transgressions. Thus the legends send a strong message to conform to local codes of living. Other themes represented are 1) In the first version: nun gets pregnant by a priest; nun has baby and drowns it in the legendary swimming pool located at St. Anne's; nun commits suicide but remains as a ghost and haunts the place (as a dog); sounds of dogs howling. 2) The second version: An example of legend-tripping functioning as teenage courtship scene. (Toelken, personal communication; Fife Folklore Archives: L2.3.1.1S.9; Thomas, IS). Boy takes girl to this haunted place with hopes of romancing. Also present is the notion of calling Hekate's name three times to make Hekate appear. This of course not only has the effect of scaring the girl, but also brings about various phenomena as described in the story. There is also the presence of dogs, a green glowing chariot with Hekate at the helm; she also later speaks to the boy, and the car not starting. There is a definite religious overtone as well in this traditional story. The boy chases away the evil (nun) Hekate with the words "In the name of Jesus Christ.. .. " This seems to suggest the idea that the righteous and powerful religion prevails over the evil presence of the other. This is followed by a safe return as explained by the following quote: "Those who go there are invariably frightened and end up retreating to 13 • • • • • • • • • • • the safety of their own LDS culture" (Thomas, 18). This would also have the effect and function as a "faith promoting" (Thomas, 16; Hufford, 222) event for the couple and undoubtedly the event would continue to serve its purpose in narrative form for the inspiration of others. In trespass version (1) the father condones a legend-tripping tradition to St. Anne's because he recollects his own trips to this legendary site. In other words, there remains a general acceptance of legend-trips to this supernatural site by precedence of local tradition, and again, because the trips to St. Anne's are so common that it becomes a justifiable, acceptable, and a coherent custom that consequently affects local concepts of justice. In several of these newer trespass versions, the intruders are perceived as being victims and are described as being harassed, even though they are the ones breaking in! This is significant in light of a general local perception that legend­tripping at St. Anne's is more than a local tradition and viewed by many as a benign activity. Although it should be clear that large numbers of locals voicing their opinion in letters to the editor articulated their dismay and frustration with the trespassers. In one of the stories (trespass version 3), kids are said to have been murdered at St. Anne's; this is closely followed by the statement "kids from my school were caught by cops." This has the appearance (as seen throughout these stories) that the trespassing high school students were victims-even though they were breaking the law by entering private property. It may also be a reflection of the traditional themes, incorporated into the newer trespass stories. 14 • • • • • • • • • • • Still another possible level of meaning in the cluster of traditional stories can be seen by using Alan Dunde's tenn "projective inversion." Dundes uses the blood libel legend to illustrate this concept. This legend with origins in ancient times tells of Jews killing Christian infants and children, using their blood in a ritual to make matzah. He explains that: "The Christian guilt for indulging in symbolic ritual cannibalism is neatly projected onto the Jews through such legends" (Dundes, 110). Dundes continues: "I am persuaded that a more appropriate and revealing approach to the legend lies in the Christian need for a Jewish scapegoat and in the psychological process I have tenned "projective inversion"(Dundes, 352). The point is that the blood libel legend is Christian folklore-"and that it is Christians, not Jews, who [tell and] would like to commit the blood libel" (Dundes, 354). Also important to note that it was not the Jews who killed Christ, it was the Romans. "Christians blame Jews for something which the Christians needed to have happen, a thing which the Jews never did ... [so] projective inversion refers to a psychological process in which A accuses B of carrying out an action which A really wishes to carry out him or herself' (Dundes, 352-353). An example of what makes clear the projective inversion in the blood libel legend is suggested by the following facts: Jews are prohibited from consuming blood; but Christians, take part in a ritual of consuming the body of Christ by the symbolic bread and wine (or bread and water) symbolizing the body and blood of the Christ. Along these lines of wish fulfillment, it appears that Christians are projecting upon the Jews what they themselves are guilty of­which is killing and consuming the body of Christ. Some of the themes in the legends of St. Anne's, parallel to the blood libel legend, appear to be the reverse of reality: 15 • • • • • • • • • • • --the ghostly nuns are described as menacing and aggressive, intruding on the visiting teenagers' courtship scene; when in fact the teenagers were trespassing on church property. --the nuns are described as sexually active, thus breaking local religious and moral codes, when of course the teenagers are the ones doing the courtship game. These examples suggest that the very characteristics attributed to the ghostly nuns are actually projections of the young legend-trippers, phrased in such a way as to blame the aberrations on the other. Thomas states a similar point when infonning us that" ... the majority of those telling the legend are Monnons ... [and that the] St. Anne's legend versions are ostensibly about Catholics and certain Catholic practices; however, a closer study of the versions reveals that they are really about Monnons and their view of Catholics ... " (Thomas, 15). This appears to support the notion of projective inversion and its function in the St. Anne's legends by projecting an inverse reality. It has been nearly three years since the ambush of local legend-trippers by security guards at St. Anne's. The stories currently circulating among local youth continue to illustrate the dynamics of folklore and the power of local tradition. Tradition propelled by local belief is clearly seen in the survey of local high school students, recalling the Halloween trespass incident of 1997; basic versions were also produced in the survey. Out of twenty-five students surveyed, fourteen mentioned elements from the trespassing event, while eleven used a traditional motif. So what does this mean? It tells us that this incident of three years ago was more than news. In fact it clearly fits into a so-called "civic brush fire incident." Grant Davie uses this phrase in 16 • • • • • • • • • • • describing local news bits that have a huge impact on the local population (Grant Davie, 1-2). It is evident by local newspaper articles and particularly editorials, both in the 1997 trespass incident, and certainly also the uproar that Diane Browning's article created in 1986, that St. Anne's is a topic that clearly fits into this "civic brush fire" category. Grant-Davie proposes four qualifying areas as conditions for civic brush fire incidents and St. Anne's is one of his examples: 1) A provocative incident: The St. Anne's controversy was started in dramatic fashion by two events in quick succession: first the teens' visit to the property and the caretakers' hostile reaction, and then the raising of criminal charges against all involved. 2) An emblematic object or image: In the example of the St. Anne's incident, the incident itself provided a strong enough image-an angry, nighttime confrontation between a few armed men and a crowd of thrill-seeking teenagers-to excite the general public's imagination. 3) Accessible media and forums: The St. Anne's debate was played out in at least seven articles, two guest commentaries, 17 letters to the editor, more than 50-callin messages (a selection of nine of which were printed), and an editorial. 4) A conflict between threatened values: This was very apparent in the St. Anne's incident, which became a debate between property rights and civil rights. The first wave of letters to the editor sided with the caretakers, who were characterized as heroes wrongly crucified for defending property and taking a stand against vandalism, while the second wave defended the teens' actions as a harmless, traditional prank and condemned the caretakers for assaulting and terrorizing them (Grant Davie, 3-5). [only definition, and material pertaining to St. Anne's included] Grant-Davie also suggests that the brush fires surrounding the St. Anne's incident "were fueled by some fundamental issues and deeply-rooted values [my emphasis] that fired the public emotions" (Grant Davie, 6). So, yes--clearly the St. Anne's incident on Halloween 1997 was more than local news-it goes much deeper than that. It taps fundamental group values with regards to ex: religion, gender, and property rights, that play a crucial role in this particular "civic brush fire" and fire up emotional debates among the local population. 17 • • • • • • • • • • • I would like to suggest another level beyond the idea of property vs. civil rights. This has to do with the fundamental and inherent rights as seen by the locals, of upholding and justifying a long standing tradition of legend-tripping at St. Anne's vs. the property owners' rights to stand up against vandalism. I propose that fundamentally it is an issue of property vs. civil rights, but in essence it becomes an issue of local concepts of justice vs. local folklore and tradition. Local concepts of justice are diverse and may stem from dominant Mormon religious beliefs as can be noted throughout this discussion. Legend-tripping at St. Anne's becomes justifiable due to the long standing custom and tradition established in the past 50 years. The incident of Halloween 1997 in Logan Canyon had such an impact on local youth that stories are still circulating that tell of the frightening events surrounding the trespassing incident. It is important to note that out of the 25 students surveyed, fourteen stories contained primarily data of the trespassing event. This appears to demonstrate the powerful emotions around the event itself, certainly property vs. civil rights, and lastly the concepts of justice in defense of tradition. Perhaps the traditional St. Anne's legend depicting supernatural phenomena-is certainly frightening enough but the memories of the ambush of local high school students on Halloween 1997 remain a dominant image. These are recollections of a small sample group of students surveyed as representative of their knowledge ofSt. Anne's Retreat. So vivid are the memories ofthis event that some of the students surveyed vow never to participate in any legend-tripping activity to at St. Anne's. What we have is a history of a legend-tripping custom which entails visiting a site of the supernatural-a thrill seeking event-experiencing the legend by ostension by 18 • acting out the legend, which has been going on for over 50 years. First, the trespassing • event of 1997; then the "civic brush fire" (Grant-Davie, 1) ignited after Browning's article on Halloween 1986 that caused considerable emotional distress in the Catholic community. In 1997, the public debate primarily deals with property rights vs. civil • rights, and also local concepts of justice vs. local folklore and tradition; whereas in 1986 the incident provoked tension among Catholics and Mormons. Both cases involve the legendary St. Anne's Retreat and the local lore persisting through the generations. • The trespass legend versions of 1997 collected recently from local high school . , students illustrate yet another dimension to the St. Anne's legend. They portray a • sentiment of pity for the teenage offenders- portraying the lawless teenagers as victims. It is a case where the community opinion (in the form of letters to the editor) appears to be significantly divided, In my research it appears as though approximately fifty percent • defend property rights and condemn the behavior of the trespassers; the other fifty percent largely condemn the actions taken by the caretakers at St. Anne's, and appear to • minimize the incident as a teenage prank, or in some cases defend the actions of the teenagers by indicating such things as rites of passage. According to a prominent local resident cited in the Herald Journal, visiting St. Anne's is a local custom that most local • residents at one time or another have taken part in. In general, the Herald Journal overall displayed more sympathy towards the trespassers rather than those leasing the property. The "ambush" of the trespassing teenagers was depicted vividly and as seemingly • unprovoked while little sympathy was lent to three security guards defending a property on Halloween from 30 plus teenagers and young adults, in the middle of the night, in the • dark, of Logan Canyon, eight miles away from town . .The event was clearly biased in the 19 • • • • • • • • • • • • media, and certainly did not for the most part take into account the circumstances in which the security guards operated under. It also did not adequately sympathize with threats previously made to caretakers. Nor did the newspaper adequately acknowledge the frustrations of property owners facing ongoing vandalism and destruction of their property in Logan Canyon. To illustrate the type of news paper rhetoric that at large demonstrated bias towards the trespassers- a few quotes follow: [Cache County Sheriff Lynn Nelson] "The kids were wrong to trespass, he said, but they were just looking to have some fun. "The big issue here is what these other guys did to them" (Herald Journal, October 14, 1997. Pg. 3). A similar sentiment states: [Cache County Attorney's Office, Scott Wyatt] Wyatt said: "St. Anne's is a local haunted house on private property and what happened when the carloads of youngsters got there is almost unbelievable ... It's one of the most incredible things I've ever seen ... The kids should not have done what they did because they were trespassing but that doesn't justify the reaction of these guys ... "(Herald Journal, October 14, 1997. Pg. 3). To further illustrate this point is to note that repeated issues the actions of the security guards are accentuated and depicting them as the criminals. Detailed and repeated attention is given in describing the fate of the trespassing youth as they entered the St. Anne's property. Such accounts are commonly referred to as "Vietnam-style terror in Logan ... they [trespassers] were ambushed, shot at, handcuffed, tied together by their necks and threatened with their lives by shotgun-toting private guards (Herald Journal, October 12, 1997. Pg. 1). These images from words in the news paper are followed by detailed descriptions of the event picturing the supposed injustice against the youth. According to my research, two articles from the Utah State University Statesman presents the case of both parties, but in 20 • • • • • • • • • • • addition offers significant and supportive statements in defense of the security guards. One article tells: "Some defend the gun-toting men claiming they had no other choice but to detain the youth and protect themselves. Friday evening it was 30 on three. Some ask the question, how were the men supposed to detain the youth and protect themselves from retaliation?" (Statesman, October 13, 1997). Sympathetic comments such as this one are important for a balanced view of the incident, and to understand that these security guards did not chose to go into "combat" but acted in defense of themselves and the property. A fascinating aspect of the whole St. Anne's incident that only surfaces in the end and appears to have been largely overlooked is the fact that Logan Canyon is a National Forest. The land that the St. Anne's property consists of is actually government land leased by the occupants (Herald Journal, March 11-12. 1998) [date based on public hearing court documents; date of news paper release not available]. In this case the whole controversy over trespassing becomes void, as we can see from subsequent statements by the Forest Service because technically the youth never actually trespassed in light of this information. All through the news articles covering the St. Anne's event of 1997, there was only incidental mention of the U.S. Forest Service and the rules that apply to government land. It was not until the St. Anne defendants accepted a plea bargain on bringing an end to the trial that this issue really surfaced and played any significant part. The Herald Journal newspaper article [date of issue not available, however public hearing court documents are dated March 11-12, 1998 which indicates the approximate issue of the article in the news paper] informs us that the St. Anne defendants accepted a plea bargain, admitting guilt of assault, and consequently receiving 21 • • • • • • • • • • • reduced charges. Quoted in this article are the words of a U.S. Forest Service official Chip Sibbemsen who said that: "he himself had removed 'no trespassing' signs at St. Anne's, as well as from other cabins permitted as summer homes in Logan Canyon over the years." Then Mr. Sibbernsen continues: "The permit holders at St. Anne's have permission for a gate ... but not for the razor wire and signs that give the entrance to the retreat a prison camp appearance. That's because the land is still public land ... not private property" (Herald Journal, March 11-12. 1998) [approximate date based on court documents]. The article concludes: "Basically, while permit holders have the right to keep people out of their cabins, they can't keep people from walking through on surrounding land. That's why the Cache County Attorney's Office dropped criminal trespassing charges against all 38 youths captured and held at gun point by the retreat's caretaker. ... " This in the end appears to resolve the issue of trespassing charges-but also further complicates the question of "property ownership" and the limited power allowed residents to defend property from invaders. What seems incredible is the fact that it took several months for anyone to realize this fact when that should have been obvious to law enforcement and the legal profession from the very beginning. Since this law pertaining to public access on government land is now public knowledge, there seems to be yet another possibility (although by chance and through a technicality) for anyone to enter this property in the future as they wish. This may be great for the legend­tripping tradition, but this notion certainly does not help permit holders in Logan Canyon get any relief, or hope to end future "trespass" and vandalism on "their" properties. So what we can understand from the 1997 incident and the 1986 Halloween article is that the St. Anne's tradition has fueled numerous debates from property rights to 22 • • • • • • • • • • concepts of justice and customs. But the conditions under the surface for this brush fire to bum, as discussed throughout this paper, are important to remember in order to understand the deep-rooted fundamental concerns of the citizens of this or any community. Folklore is powerful, and given a function and purpose, proves to move persistently through time as is evident from the legends surrounding St. Anne's. The "dynamics of folklore" (Toelken, 55) powerfully illustrates not only how a local legend has circulated for over 50 years, but how a new aspect is introduced into the realm of the legend-that is this intense, not so easily ignored incident of Halloween 1997 which appears through recent stories to have left its own mark on this vivid legend cluster. The event surrounding the legend-tripping trespassers on Halloween 1997 at St. Anne's may be viewed in terms of property rights, or a fundamental civil right to carry on a local belief, a long standing custom-tradition, or a rite of passage. It can also be studied as local rhetoric involving a "brush fire incident" (Grant Davie, 1). Religion and gender appears to be a dominant factor in the complex cultural issues presented through the legends and the legend-trips through its participants. It illustrates that the themes discussed in this paper, and the stories it evolves around, are still vital issues to the community at large and dramatize concerns, fears, and anxieties still present in the undercurrent of this community. The Mormon religion is not just a religion, b~t a way of life; it becomes clear from this and examples given in this paper, that religion plays a central role in directing fundamental concerns such as gender roles, and fear ofthe other. This legend will remain a vivid part of narrative tradition-as long as there is a function, and purpose-to entertain narrator, audience, and legend-trippers ofthis local culture, as other legends will elsewhere. Cultural issues and concerns will continue to surface in 23 • • • • • • • • • • • oral tradition and reflected and dramatized in the stories they tell; because-"Ifit weren't important-they wouldn't keep doing it" (Toelken, personal communication). / 24 • • • • • • • • • • • Works Cited Browning, Dianne. Personal communication, March 1998. Dundes, Allen. 1991. The Blood Libel Legend: A Casebook in Anti-Semitic Folklore. Madison. The University of Wisconsin Press. 1997. From Game to War and other Psychoanalytic Essays on Folklore, pp. 11, 110-111. Lexington. The University Press of Kentucky. Ellis, Bill. 1991 . Legend-Trips and Satanism: Adolescents' Ostensive Traditions as 'Cult ' Activity, pp. 279-295. The Satanism Scare. New York. de GruyterPress. Fife Folklore Archives. Various traditional legend versions ofSt. Anne's Retreat. Grant Davie, Keith. Civic Brushfires: The Rhetoric of Local Community Debates. March 8, 2000 unpublished paper. Hatch, Anne. Personal communication, March 1998. Herald Journal. October 14, 1997. Pg. 3; October 15, 1997. Pg. 16; October 12, 1997. Pg. 1; October 26,1986. [page number unavailable]; March 11-12 [approximate date based on court documents from a preliminary hearing on March 11-12 recorded July 8, 1998]. Logan High School Survey. Results from survey April 2000 that produced 25 examples total. Eleven of a traditional legend version and fourteen trespass versions­representing stories of the Halloween trespassing incident at St. Anne's Retreat in 1997. In this survey, students were asked to recollect any version of the St. Anne's legend and to write it down. Hufford, David J. The Terror That comes in the Night. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1982. Salt Lake Tribune. October 14, 1997. Statesman (Utah State University). October 13, 1997. Thomas, Jeannie. 1991. Hecate in Habit: Gender, Religion, and Legend. Northwest Folklore. Vol. 9: 14-27. 25 • • • • • • • • • • Toelken, Barre. 1996. The Dynamics of Folklore. Logan, Utah. Utah State University Press. Personal Communication, April 1998. 26 • • • • • • • • • • Hecate in Logan Canyon: Origin, Belief, and Contemporary Oral Tradition Local legends about a "Witch Hecate" primarily surface around the Spring Hollow-Guinevah campgrounds three miles up Logan canyon. This particular area is frequented by local Mormon youth groups (primarily girls camp) and boy scouts, where many of these legends emerge and thrive as ghost stories told at various camps. A parallel legend (in which Hecate appears also) about St. Anne's Retreat also depicts Hecate, and is based on the former Catholic Retreat referred to as St. Anne's Retreat located eight miles from Logan. This property came into the possession of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Salt Lake City in the early1940s and was used as a retreat and a vacation place for the Sisters of the Holy Cross (Salt Lake Tribune, October 14, 1997. D3). Due to the frequent visits oflegend-tripping1 trespassers and vandals, the sisters stopped coming to the retreat (Anne Hatch, personal communication) and the property was subsequently sold (Herald Journal, October 15, 1997. Pg. 16). In this paper I will explore the origin and history of Hecate by discussing the ancient Goddess worship, to subsequently gain an understanding of Hecate as an ancient underworld divinity, and the connection, if any, of the local Hecate legend character to the ancient Goddess Hecate from history and mythology. On this journey we should reach a broader understanding of Hecate and her performance in local legend as a bewitched nun. An analysis and discussion of hypothetical interpretations, meanings, functions, and symbolism-will follow. Before beginning these areas of discussion it is necessary to introduce the reader to samples of the "Witch Hecate" legend to allow an 1 Legend-tripping is a tenn that Linda Degh, William Ellis, and others use in describing the practice of visiting the sites of supematurallegends. - -------------------- -- • • • • • • • • • • • insight into the main core of this paper topic-the legends. [All stories and citations in this paper are quoted verbatim]. 1. Witch Heketa The story goes that an old woman lives somewhere up Logan Canyon. She is supposed to be a witch. Her name is Heketa. It is said that she has seven white dobermans which can become invisible at will. A local boy and girl supposedly went up to her place one night to see if they could see anything. They say they were sitting in the car when suddenly the windows fogged up from the outside. They heard dogs sniffing around the car and what sounded like a person breathing. A hand rubbed away some of the moisture like a person breathing. A hand rubbed away some of the moisture on the passanger window by the girl and an old womans face looked in. The girl went into a sort of trance and floated up off the seat a few inches. The boy got the car started and drove home quickly where his father, who was a Mormon bishop, gave the girl a blessing and she snapped out of the trance. The boy drove back up there the next day and says that there were seven dog collars on the ground (Fife Folklore Archives, L2.3.1.15.8). 2. Heckada If you go up Logan Canyon to 3rd dam and cross the bridge into the Spring Hollow area or go to the Quarry up Providence Canyon, you can summon the Devil's wife, her name is Heckada. My friend's brother's girlfriend's brother had a friend that did this very thing. He and a date went up to the Spring Hollow area, for some romancing. After being turned down he got out of the car and yelled the phrase" Heckada, come get me". This was the saying that you needed to say to get Heckada to appear. After saying it a few times he returned to the car. His date was scared, which was his main intention for doing the little prank, or so he thought. After a few minutes of sitting there they began to hear dogs barking, they looked up and saw a green glowing chariot pulled by six wolves, and a mistress with long flowing hair at the reins. At about the same instance the doors locked, the boy and date was pretty scared by this time so the boy tried to get the car started but it seemed like the battery was dead, nothing would start or no lights would come on. By this time the wolves were on the hood of the car clawing at it and grOWling. The mistress stared into the boy's eyes and said "1 have come for you". The boy freaked out and didn't know what to do, the girl was screaming and crying. Then the boy remembered to say "In the name of Jesus Christ 1 command you to leave", at the very instance of saying that, the mistress and her wolves disappeared. The boy then started the car and returned to Logan. Upon returning to his date's house 2 • • • • • • • .' • • • they looked at the hood and saw scratches that the wolves had left (Fife Folklore Archives, L2.3.1.15.9). 3. The Old Nun I once heard of some girls that went to girls scout camp up Logan canyon, a few years ago. There was about 12 girls plus a few leaders. The girls were between the ages of twelve and fifteen. They were sitting around the campfire telling scary stories, one of which was the "Old Nun" story. The story is about an old nun that died very angry that she had lost her youth and beauty. She had resided at the Nunnery, also in Logan canyon. Before she died, the nun would walk past the girls scout camp and long for the days of her youth. She became so obsessed by this idea that she decided by drinking the youths blood she would again be young. Well, the kids of the camp tried to laugh off their fear not wanting to admit to anyone that they really were scared. The group broke up after the story telling finished and went their separate ways. The leaders of the camp became increasingly concerned as the girls began to disappear one by one. They called and hunted for the missing girls not getting any response at all. A couple of girls from the camp had gone on a walk together. Suddenly they came running back into the camp screaming and shaking terribly. The girls reported seeing an old lady dressed as a nun, with an ax and blood dripping from her face walking near the camp. The next day when the sun came up six of the twelve girls were found murdered around camp (Fife Folklore Archives, L2.1.12.1.28). 4. Hekedah-the lady ofthird dam [told by scoutmaster] Once I decided to see if the stories about Hekedah were true. I grabbed a friend and we grabbed two girls and set out for third dam. As is the custom, we put the keys to the truck on the hood and then yelled for Hekedah to come. After waiting a long time, I saw a green light forming in the middle of the lake. I thought I was imagining things at first. It soon formed into a face of a lady all pale and green and she was crying. We grabbed her car keys from the hood, but waited to see what would happen. It wasn't long until a hand and arm appeared and started motioning us to come. (the teller motions with his hand and finger) She kept getting bigger and bigger and was soon a full size lady coming closer and closer to our truck. We put the keys in the ignition and tried to start the truck but nothing happened. Finally, when she was only 4 or 5 feet away, the truck started and we tore out of that place like crazy. [the collector continues to provide context by saying the following] (The teller then fills in the events in Hekedahs life which explain why she haunts the lake) Hekedah was a recluse woman, who lived in a little cabin above third dam. She had been quite wealthy in her life and had her money with her in the cabin. One night, two men broke in and killed her so that they could steal the money. 3 • • • • • • • • • • • The two men were never seen or heard of again. It is said that if you look up on the ridge on a night of the full moon, you can see the sillouette of Hekedah , with ax in hand, chasing two men (Fife Folklore Archives, L2.3.1.15.6). The above mentioned legends are samples of the Hecate legend that will be scrutinized in this study. But first it is necessary to introduce several complementary themes that surface in the parallel legend of St. Anne's Retreat, thus making it necessary to present sample versions of Hecate's role in the St. Anne's legends of Logan Canyon as a witch and a crazed nun. Themes from both "Witch Hecate" and "St. Anne's Retreat" will be discussed below. 5. Barking Dogs Lucy and her friend were driving around the canyon one fall night when it was really nice and warm, and they decided to go to St. Anne's. There were three guys who wanted to go, and three girls who didn't want to go. Since the boys were driving, they went. They parked the car by the highway, and began walking up the dirt road. On the way, one of the guys said "Do you know what happened up here?", and he proceeded to tell story of the nuns. "The nuns used to come up here in the wintertime and stay. One spring the nuns didn't come back. The townspeople went up to investigate, and they found the bodies of the nuns floating in the swimming pool, because they had been raped and murdered. They also found mother superior's black dogs chained up and starved to death in a shack." The guy telling the story suggested that they go look in the swimming pool. While they were looking at it, one of the guys yelled, "I'm scared," and ran to the car as fast as he could. Everyone else followed him, but the girls were slower. As they were running down the mountain, they heard dogs barking and chains dragging on the ground, and they thought the dogs were chasing them. The dogs were howling and looking for the nuns. The girls were crying because they were so scared (Fife Folklore Archives, ColI. 8. USU. 84-050. Item 10). 6. Saint Ann's Retreat A long time ago there used to be a nunnery at Saint Anne's. One of the nuns got pregnant by a young priest. She hid the fact that she was pregnant for a long time. When she had the baby she was told she had to 4 • • • • • • • • • • • leave the nunnery. She was grieved at what had happened and went out and drowned her baby in the swimming pool, then hung herself. Her spirit haunts the place in the form of a dog. Sometimes people can hear dogs howling at Saint Ann's. Nobody has ever seen the dogs (Fife Folklore Archives, L2.1.12.1.37). These legend illustrated above are examples presenting Hecate as a bewitched nun and includes several themes and symbolism that will be scrutinized further below. With this introduction, the mythological and historical aspects can now be explored. A brief over view of the origin of the Goddess follows. In Greek mythology, Hecate depicts an underworld third dimension of a triple Goddess representing Persephone, Demeter, and Hecate. Hecate appears as the crone part of this triple divinity; Hecate, the crone is also represented in the two local legend types in Logan Canyon. To extract meaning, and to gain a broader understanding of these legends, it is necessary to start from the beginning-to a time when the Goddess Hecate played a powerful and important role in many parts of the world. This process should elucidate the connection, if any, of the function of the local Hecate legend character to the ancient Goddess Hecate from history and mythology. In ancient times, dating back as far as 25,000 years BC.until shortly after the advent of Christianity, in many parts of the world-God was a Woman. This supreme deity, known by many names-according to region, was revered and worshipped not only for her fertility and procreation, but she represented wisdom, universal order (Stone, preface) [page number unavailable], knowledge, and capability of holding vital advisory positions. Goddess worship thrived from Neolithic periods 7000 BC., alongside of the Judeo-Christian religions and peoples who worshipped male gods until classical periods of Greece and Rome until around 500 A.D when any trace of this so called idolatry 5 • • • • • • • • • • • worship of the pagans was effectively, and nearly completely destroyed. (Stone, 20; preface) [preface page number unavailable]. "She [Hecate] bestows wealth and success, good luck and advice, is powerful in earth, sea, and heaven ... By a transference common in mythology, she became as a goddess of plenty, an infernal deity, terrible in aspects and often snakelike, the queen of ghosts and mistress of black magic, the keeper of the keys of Hades" (Leach, 487). Hecate is said to have had power and influence over earth, heaven, and sea. "She gave her votaries success in battle, in the law courts and political assembly, and in athletics. Later she came to be associated with the darker side of life, with the underworld and night, with ghosts ... Sometimes she herself was represented as an old hag with snakes entwined in her hair, or she might assume the form of a mare or dog, or, attended by hell-hounds, she haunted the cross-roads" (Pike, 174). The descriptions offered to us by Pike and Leach effectively provides an understanding of the pre­Christian image of the Goddess-and how hypothetically, simultaneous with the onset of Christianity, the role reversal of women into submission under a patriarchal system flourished. Goddess and thus Woman, is consequently seen in a subversive light­perhaps reflecting her new role and demoted status. Although the change away from Goddess worship appears to have taken place over thousands of years, Stone speaks of invasions of Northern tribes which apparently had immediate, harsh effects upon the Goddess religion by eradicating matriarchal-matrilineal societies to the new establishment of male dominated societies. The power of the Goddess societies became eradicated upon the solidification of a patriarchal system; [and] "only then was she fragmented, and reduced ... " (Sjoo & Moor, 183). 6 • It has been argued that early cultures did not understand the connection between • copulation and procreation and therefore worshipped the Goddess as the sole creator of life, and the only one who could create her own kind. But with the aggressive invasions of societies with male deities this matriarchal structure changed. The power of myth to • create perception and belief among man and woman-kind can be seen from the Adam and Eve myth. Stone talks about this being a dramatic and powerful turning point in the • manifestation and eradication of the Goddess. The Adam and Eve myth accomplished this by blaming Eve for the fall of mankind. Her punishment was to suffer pain in childbirth, and to serve man as a helpmate and inferior in status (Stone, foreword). This • is something to keep in mind as we note gender issues in these legends. The image of Hecate in lighter times shows that the Goddess was revered for her contributions to the world; this was before she was demoted in status and seen as dark • and sinister. After a mythological transference as mentioned by Leach-Hecate takes on a sinister-darker image. Hecate is held as moon Goddess, Queen of Ghosts, and deity of • the Crossroads (Sjoo & Moor, 183). After the entry to darker times "Hecate was [became] the destroyer; newborn children and animals were sacrificed to her" (Sjoo & Moor, 183). These are things this triple goddess has represented through time. With this • in mind, we can examine some classic themes existent in the local legends. Among some of the themes evident in both the historically documented mythical • origins from darker times of Hecate that are evident in "Witch Hecate" and the parallel "St. Anne's legends are: 1. The triple dimension concept. 2. Hecate's Suppers - Hecate at the Cross Roads. • 3. Hecate and the keys of Hades-keys as part of ritual in legend-tripping. 4. Sacrifice of newborns-in reference to the swimming pool as an altar. • 7 ~~~~~~~~~---- ----.-----~~~~- • • • • • • • • • • • 5. Hecate as Moon Goddess and Queen of Ghosts. 6. Presence and symbolism of torch. 7. Various themes connecting function and local religious culture i.e. presence of local dominant religion in legends as the righteous prevailing over evil. The Triple Dimension Concept There are several theories of the triple dimension concept of Hecate. One is that it represents "the three faces of woman: maiden, mother, and crone" (Thomas, 22). Theories ofthe triple head however, is that the triple head represents earth-heaven-sea (Pike, 173); past-present-future; three formed because of association with the moon: crescent-full-waning (Barnard, 85); yet another theory suggests a three headed dimension has to do with the need for Hecate (at the Crossroads, discussed below) to look down in three directions. In local legend versions Hecate appears to represent the triple dimension of what Thomas refers to as the "three faces of woman" by the following: "The legend versions depict woman as nun-a virginal maiden (Persephone); woman as a pregnant nun who becomes a mother (Demeter); a woman as a death threatening witch (Hecate) (Thomas, 22)." This can be seen in the following legend versions: First, the image of nuns being raped as was the virginal maiden Persephone raped by Hades. "The nuns used to come up here in the wintertime and stay. One spring the nuns didn't come back. The townspeople went up to investigate, and they found the bodies of the nuns floating in the swimming pool, because they had been raped and murdered" (Fife Folklore Archives, ColI. 8. USU. 84-050. Item 5). Second, the ancient notion of nuns and priests engaging in sexual acts; and consequently depicted in some of these legends as pregnant and having babies. This 8 • • • • • • • • • • • image may represent Demeter- mother of Persephone evident by the following quote: "One of the nuns got pregnant by a young priest" (Fife Folklore Archives, L2.1.12.1.37). Third, a depiction of Hecate-a woman as a witch or sometimes referred to as the devil's wife: "The story goes that an old woman lives somewhere up Logan Canyon. She is suppose to be a witch" (Fife Folklore Archives, L2.3.1.15.8). Another version similarly states: "If you go up Logan Canyon to 3Td dam ... you can summon the Devil's wife, her name is Heckada" (Fife Folklore Archives, L2.3.1.15.9). Hecate's Suppers - Hecate at the Cross Roads The Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics explains that crossroads are regarded as the dwelling place of evil spirits and ghosts creating bad luck and danger. Hecate is the Divinity of Crossroads (E.R.E. Vol. II, 330b). This is a place where at a new or full moon, rich people would worship her by leaving offerings in forms of food referred to as "suppers of Hecate." The crossroads was also a symbolic place for the sacrifices of newborn babies. Myth tells how "Hecate, as newly born infant, was exposed at a cross­way, but rescued and brought up by shepherds. This probably points to an actual custom of exposure at cross-roads ... (E.R.E.Voi. II 333b). Dogs were also a form of sacrifice at the cross-roads. St. Anne's may by a symbol of crossroads in terms of culture, religion and gender. A ghostly nun, may be a symbol of a strange outside culture and religion in which females at the retreat are perceived by locals to be dominant. The nuns in the legends take on aspects of Hecate-and she haunts this metaphoric crossroads. Hecate is known as the mother of ghosts (Leeming, 152); just as the nun becomes mother, she 9 • • • • • • • • • • • (Hecate-the nun) in a twisted way is also mother of dead sacrificed newborn babies who represent ghosts in the legends, and their spirits haunt the place. Another interesting theme is the presence of dogs in the legends and the historical significance in reference to "Hecate's Suppers." It explains that the poor and dogs would often consume the food offerings left at crossroads-hence the presence of dogs around the local legendary Hecate. Dogs are also told to be a form of sacrifice left at the crossroads (E.R.E., Vol. VI. 566b; Vol. II 333b; [Vol. Vill. 333b D. In tradition, dogs are often associated with the devil (Toelken, personal communication) which may explain their presence in Hecate's darker times. Hecate and the keys of Hades: keys as part of ritual in legend-tripping Keys are sometimes an important symbol in "Witch Hecate" and "St. Anne's" legends. From a mythological perspective, Hecate is known to hold and possess the keys of Hades. "She is even called the Lady bearing the keys of the Universe .. . " [it is further explained that] "The significance of the keys generally signifies the power over the regions ... (E. R. E. Vol. Vill 123a). Keys become a central point of a specific ritual, and playa significant role in this following legend version: "This is supposed to have happened to someone when they went up to St. Anne's. They drove their car up there, parked it, and turned off the lights. They put their car keys on the top of the car to bring Witch Hekeda down. A light shone on the car and the car keys disappeared. They couldn't leave St. Anne's without their keys, and they never returned home (Fife Folklore Archives, ColI. 8. USU collection#?! item #3 and 4)." This narrative clearly seems to suggest that Hecate is the holder of the keys-including their keys. She is the divinity of 10 ~~~~--~----.-- .- • • • • • • • • • • • the underworld who not only possesses their keys and but also has obvious powers over this particular region (St. Anne's Retreat and the Spring Hollow area). She appears to detennine in this story if in fact these trespassers may leave or not. Sacrifice of newborns-in reference to the swimming pool as an altar As discussed above, newborn babies are known to be a fonn of sacrifice at the crossroads. In the local legends discussed in this paper, the illegitimate offspring ofthe nuns is also known to be sacrificed. It can be understood as a local, modem day metaphoric crossroads; and on this site, newborn babies are also said to be murdered (sacrificed)-namely in the legendary swimming pool at St. Anne's Retreat. The swimming pool, with its frequent reference to murder in the legends, may serve as a symbolic altar in depicting the drowning babies and nuns. The ancient custom and ritual at doorways functioned to avert evil, and signified a place where offerings and sacrifices were made (altars often being placed right inside doorways). One can hypothesize that the intruders at St. Anne's in fact also came through a doorway (symbolic door, i.e. gate) to enter the 8t. Anne's property-to become a potential sacrifice as haunted victims of a ghostly nun. 11 • • • • • • • • • • • Hecate as Moon Goddess and Queen of Ghosts Hecate is considered by many to be primarily the moon Goddess "and one who forecasts perilous, unwelcome change" in the night [handout, Jeannie]. Hecate, the deity of crossroads-haunts the crossroads with her triple head staring in three directions to keep watch over evil powers. It is at new moon or full moon that offerings are given to Hecate at the crossroads. "Hecate is Mother of Ghosts, Queen of the underworld, of death" (Leeming, 152). In the legends it is common to witness supernatural phenomena at a full moon. One such account is: "Near Saint Anne's retreat up in Logan Canyon there is a small canyon. It is said if you go to this canyon around midnight, with the moon full in the night sky, and you call the name Heckata three times she will appear" (Fife Folklore Archives, L2.1.12.1.48). Presence and Symbolism ofthe Torch The torch in mythic terms symbolizes Demeter's search for her daughter Persephone after Hades raped her and took her to the underworld. Demeter searches desperately for her daughter with "lighted torches in her hands" (E.R.E. Vol. XU, 390a). Perhaps, in accordance with some legend versions, Hecate in the form of a bewitched nun, is also told to carry a torch; but rather than a torch in these examples, she uses a lantern. No longer is Hecate (or the bewitched nun) looking for her daughter Persephone, but she may be wandering the grounds of St. Anne's or Spring Hollow searching for her murdered baby. The following examples illustrate such stories. First, 12 • • • • • • • • • • an apparent torch, second, a lantern: (Fife Folklore Archives, L2.3.1.15.4; ColI. 8. usu. The Lynching Mob item#8). Various themes connecting function and local religious culture i.e. presence of local dominant religion in legends as the righteous prevailing over evil There exists a definite local religious flavor across many of the local Hecate legend versions depicting the more favorable dominant local religious culture over the strange, perhaps threatening outside influence of the Catholics. This is evident in legend #1 above, labeled "Witch Heketa" illustrated by the following quote: A hand rubbed away some of the moisture on the passanger window by the girl and an old womans face looked in. The girl went into a sort of trance and floated up off the seat a few inches. The boy got the car started and drove home quickly where his father, who was a Mormon bishop, gave the girl a blessing and she snapped out of the trance [my emphasis] (Fife Folklore Archives, L2.3.1.15.8). Another example from legend #2 above, labeled "Heckada" tells: The mistress stared into the boy's eyes and said "I have come for you". The boy freaked out and didn't know what to do, the girl was screaming and crying. Then the boy remembered to say "In the name of Jesus Christ I command you to leave" [my emphasis] at the very instance of saying that, the mistress and her wolves disappeared (Fife Folklore Archives, L2.3.1.15.9). This clearly represents what Hufford refers to as "faith promoting" events or stories (Hufford, 222). It serves to reaffirm the dominant and superior religion over the intruding, strange outside church as represented by the presence of nuns in Logan Canyon. It appears to symbolize that good (Mormon bishop giving blessing-and chasing evil spirits away with "in the name of Jesus Christ") breaks the spell of the evil abominable and apostate church as noted through Mormon doctrine (Thomas, 18; Notes 13 • • • • • • • • • • • 7). Thomas continues: "Those who do go to the site are invariably frightened and end up retreating to the safety of their own LDS culture." Another prominent theme surfacing in the legends is that of gender. This brings us back to the beginning of this paper-speaking ofthe Goddess and her mythological presence in local legend and geography. It brings forth aspects of challenges from a matriarchal and matrilineal local codes of living stemming from a patriarchal culture, based on religious beliefs dating back to the Old Testament. It is portrayed and manifested through the mythological Goddess Hecate, the power of the Goddess and Woman-challenging the notion of the patriarchal system; it confronts, and perhaps challenges local beliefs and attitudes in a culture dominated by men. In accordance with local belief-the female in the legends appear to take on a submissive and subservient role. As evident in the example in the previous paragraph, the male is dominant and has the power to avert evil. From this it is important to note that the Mormon bishop is male, while the Goddess Hecate is female. Stone describes the Paradise myth as "still the bedrock of fundamental theological arguments that women are divinely ordained to be subservient." This idea seems clear when looking at Mormon doctrine, and the status and role of the woman in local culture and legend; while the challenge to retain a status quo in a world that is in constant challenge of the patriarchal system and its dominance over women. It is the male who in many ofthe stories initiates the courtship ritual of visiting these sites haunted with the presence of the (female) supernatural. He appears as dominant male, aggressor, and savior; he is also capable through the power of the Mormon priesthood to revert evil, as mentioned in version #2 above. The male initiates courtship; the female is depicted in the legends as resisting his advances while she is 14 • • • • • • • • • • • expected to refrain from intimacy until marriage. So here her belief and moral codes are challenged. While his advances and plans for romance goes awry, he gets angry and calls upon the supernatural. He evidently inhibits the power to do so, as well as to make the evil go away using religious authority, power of the priesthood (which is in present day only given to men), and subsequently brings them both back to the safety of the Mormon culture. Example: (Legend version #2 above; Fife Folklore Archives, L2.3.1.15.9). Other examples of male dominance and female subordination are: "There were three guys who wanted to go, and three girls who didn't want to go. Since the boys were driving, they went" [my emphasis]. Once there, one ofthe boys proceeds to tell the St. Anne's legend. Later in the story, it tells of everyone running back to the car-but the girls were slower" [my emphasis] (Fife Folklore Archives, ColI. 8. USU. 84-050. Item 10). Some stories further illustrate moral transgressions as being punishable by rape and death (Fife Folklore Archives, L 5,11,12). This concept also has ancient origins. As the male deities took prominence in the Goddess religions [time period] or as illustrated in ancient Hebrew societies (Stone, 56) the moral codes so dictated that punishment for moral transgressions was to be put to death. The ancient belief and custom went as far as to punish a woman who had been raped with death. The notion of moral transgressions punishable by death as noted through ancient belief and custom, and as depicted in local legend is evident in the depiction of the female-a nun-who becomes the model for unacceptable moral behavior and consequently becomes raped and murdered for her choices. This possible representation may serve as a powerful image to members participating in this local courtship ritual and serves as a reminder to follow principles as set forth by the indigenous religion. 15 • • • • • • • • • • • The mythological and historical significance of the Goddess religion in relation to the presence of the mythological Goddess appearing as a nun in local legends has been presented and illustrates several themes drawn somehow from mythology of Goddess­Hecate. The presence of these classical themes incorporated in the modern legends may remain a curious aspect, but as a whole, all of the stories seek to exemplify certain aspects of the local people's attitudes and beliefs. This is illustrated in what may constitute their fears and concerns. One of these has to do with gender. Underlying anxieties are displayed through these legends and may stem from the systematic changes in the roles of women through time. To understand the present day presence of the Goddess Hecate in local legend, it is important to understand that gender is still an vital and combative issue-particularly in the local religious culture that may resist the worldly changes around them in order to maintain their religious convictions, including the role and status of woman in this culture. Somehow, Hecate an ancient mythical underworld divinity-manages to creep into modern day local legends; the resiliency of this myth thousands of years old functions today to in ways described above. The triple Goddess Hecate performs as a witch and a nun in both legend versions; and in a sense, she is still worshipped today as thrill seekers tempt their fate by making visits to her habitat in the metaphoric crossroads of Logan Canyon. 16 • • • • • • • • • • • Works Cited Barnard, Mary. 1967. The Mythmakers. New York. H. Wolff. Fife Folklore Archives. Various traditional legend versions ofSt. Anne's Retreat and Witch Hecate. Hastings, James, editor. 1980. Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics. Edinburgh, England. T & T Clark LTD. Hatch, Anne. Personal communication April 1998. Herald Journal. October 15, 1997. Opinion section. Hufford, David 1. The Terror That comes in the Night. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1982. Leach, Maria, editor. 1949. Funk & Wagnalls Standard Dictionary of Folklore Mythology and Legend. New York. Funk and Wagnalls Company Leeming, David; Paige, Jake. 1994. Goddess: Myths of the Female Divine. New York. Oxford University Press. Pike, Royston. 1958. Encyclopedia of Religion and Religions. New York. Meridian Books, mc. Salt Lake Tribune. October 14, 1997. D3. Sjoo, Monica; Mor, Barbara. 1975. The Great Cosmic Mother. San Fracisco. Harper & Row, Publishers. Stone, Merlin. 1976. When God was a Woman. New York. The Dial Press. Thomas, Jeannie. 1991. Hecate in Habit: Gender, Religion, and Legend. Northwest Folklore. Vol. 9: 14-27. Toelken, Barre. Personal Communication, April 1998; May 2000. 17 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource legends (folk tales); application/pdf; 18963088 Bytes Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/p16944coll20/id/4 SCAFOLK003No0356.pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Digitized by : Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library. Digitized by: Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library. Relation A related resource Utah State University Folklore Collection, folklore theses, FOLK COLL 3 St. Anne's Retreat Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Libraries Special Collections and Archives, phone (435) 797-2663. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, FOLK COLL 3 Subject The topic of the resource Legends; legend-tripping; Title A name given to the resource Legend-tripping at St. Anne's Retreat and Hecate in Logan Canyon: Origin, Belief, and Contemporary Oral Tradition Type The nature or genre of the resource Text; https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/8a36498b0f22a216a2c2e9a3be958cb3.pdf 013b5e87d94c735f46517a5d8b1f7aa1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Regreening Cache Valley Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Logan (Utah); Cache County (Utah); Utah; United States; 1860-1869; 1870-1879; Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Arrington, Leonard J. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1951 Description An account of the resource The Rise and fall of the Logan Co-operative Mercantile Institution, 1869-1872, a history of the cooperative association in Logan, Utah, written by Leonard J. Arrington, for the Cache Valley Chapter of the Utah State Historical Society. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg; Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/regreening/id/661 SCAMSS0043Bx001Bk03-032.pdf Language A language of the resource eng; Relation A related resource Cache Valley Historical Society records, 1951-1962, COLL MSS 043 http://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv86056 Regreening of Cache Valley Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Libraries Photograph Curator, phone (435) 797-0890. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, Cache Valley Historical Society records, Coll MSS 43 Box 1, Book 3 Subject The topic of the resource Logan Cooperative Mercantile Institution (Logan, Utah)--History; Zion's Co-operative Mercantile Institution--History; Cooperative societies--Utah--Logan; Mormon Church--Utah--Logan--History; Logan (Utah)--History; Title A name given to the resource The Rise and fall of the Logan Co-operative Mercantile Institution, 1869-1872 by Leonard J. Arrington Rise and fall of the Logan Cooperative Mercantile Institution, 1869-1872 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text; https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/29e38a118b5397c58c22e10549ee1c76.pdf a2cc80fc9a6b54dfa6e907547816bb0d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Extension, Enterprise, Education - Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Logan, Cache County, Utah, United States, http://sws.geonames.org/5777544 ; 20th century; 1950-1959; Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Arrington, Leonard J.; Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1952-11-14 Description An account of the resource SYMPOSIUM ON MORMON CULTURE Papers St. George, Utah - A community portrait, by Juanita Brooks, Dixie College Mormonism and literature, by William Mulder, University of Utah Trends in Mormon economic policy, by Leonard J. Arrington, Utah State Agricultural College The development of Mormon ethics, by Gaylon L, Caldwell, Brigham Young University Presented at the Fall Meetings, of the UTAH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, ARTS, AND LETTERS held at UTAH STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE Logan, Utah November 14, 1952. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf; Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SCA289p307Ut1sy.pdf http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/coops/id/23478 Language A language of the resource eng; Relation A related resource W. Preston Thomas collection, 14.1/4 : 26 Extension, Enterprise, and Education: the Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperation in Utah Digital Collection; Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives (435) 797-2663. Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library; Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, W. Preston Thomas collection 14.1/4 : 26 Bx 4 Fd 16; Subject The topic of the resource Utah State Agricultural College--Publications; Lectures and lecturing--Utah; Lectures and lecturing--Utah--Logan; Economic policy; Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints--History--19th century; Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints--History--20th century; Utah State Agricultural College; Presentations; Mormonism; Economic Policy; Title A name given to the resource Trends in Mormon Economic Policy by Leonard Arrington Type The nature or genre of the resource Text; https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/e6e785c57bce3e2443caf7b8e53379bd.pdf b5bc8869726ed2699914c582e7373b63 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project Description An account of the resource Cache Valley, Utah is the home of Burmese Muslim, Karen, and Eritrean refugees. Documenting and preserving their stories is an important goal of Utah State University&rsquo;s Fife Folklore Archives (FFA). In May 2015, USU&rsquo;s FFA and Folklore Program, with help from the Karen community, hosted a Library of Congress Field School for Cultural Documentation: &ldquo;Voices: Refugees in Cache Valley.&rdquo; Field school students worked to document Cache Valley&rsquo;s recent refugee communities. This collection, <a href="http://nwda.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv67608">Folk Coll 58: Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project</a>, houses the physical recordings and associated materials of the interviews which took place during this field school.<br /><br />You can see the original collection at:&nbsp;<a href="http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/p16944coll14">http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/p16944coll14</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Gill, Meagan Gill, Meagan Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Karen, Burma, Thailand Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Aye Win Van de Water, Wes; 1988 Chit Moe Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2015-05-19 Description An account of the resource Aye Win describes her life in Karen State, Burma. Along with her time in a refugee camp in Thailand, how she came to the U.S., her family, and life in Cache Valley, Utah. Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Aye Win Page 1 CACHE VALLEY REFUGEE ORAL HISTORY PROJECT TRANSCRIPTION COVER SHEET Interviewee: Aye Win Present: Aye Win, Meagan Gill, Chit Moe, Wes Van de Water, Bethany Hanks Place of Interview: Aye Win’s home in Logan, Utah Date of Interview: May 19, 2015 Language(s): Karen; English Translation: Interviewer: Meagan Gill Interpreter: Chit Moe Recordist: Bethany Hanks Photographer: Wes Van de Water Recording Equipment: Tascam DR-100mk11 linear PCM recorder; Senal ENG- 18RL broadcast-quality omnidirectional dynamic microphone Transcription Equipment: Transcribed by: Meagan Gill, May 25, 2015 Transcript Proofed by: Meagan, May 26, 2015 Brief Description of Contents: Aye Win describes her life in a refugee camp and in Burma before she came to the United States. She explains what brought her to the Thailand refugee camp and the difference between her homeland and her home here in the United States. Aye Win also talks about her family, English classes, holidays in the camp and out of the camp, and keeping in contact with her friends from the refugee camp. Reference: MG = Meagan Gill MGI = Meagan Gill interpreted by translator AW = Aye Win AWI = Aye Win interpreted by translator WV = Wes Van de Water WVI = Wes Van de Water interpreted by translator Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Aye Win Page 2 BH = Bethany Hanks BHI = Bethany Hanks interpreted by translator NOTE: Interjections during pauses or transitions in dialogue such as “uh” and false starts and stops in conversations are not included in transcribed. All additions to transcript are noted with brackets. TAPE TRANSCRIPTION [00:01] MG: Today is May 19, 2015. Its 1:07. My name is Meagan I am here with Bethany Hanks, doing uh…audio (laughing), and Wes Van de Water, he’s taking pictures today. We are students from Utah State University working on an oral history project, refugees for Cache Valley. And today I am interviewing Aye Win. Thanks for letting us interview you today. Can I have you state your full name and birth year for me please? AW: My name is Aye Win. Uh, my birthday May 1, 1974. MG: K. Thanks. And what languages do you speak? MGI: [repeating question in Karen] AWI: I speak Karen & Burmese. MG: K. Tell me about your family? MGI: [repeating question in Karen] AWI: Can you rephrase that. A she’s not getting that question. MG: Um…Tell me about your parents & spouse & children & where they are at? MGI: [repeating question in Karen] [laughing] AWI: Okay. Well, she’s still not understanding your question I guess. Well, she told me that um... our family, my family came here for education purposes. Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Aye Win Page 3 [laughing] [2:30] MG: Okay. AWI So you might want to ask in a different way I guess. MG: Okay, sure. Start with how many children do you have? MGI: [repeating question in Karen] AWI: Four, four. MG: Okay. And do you have any other family with you here? MGI: [repeating question in Karen] AWI: No MG: Okay. Can you describe the ethnic or religious community that you belong to if any? MGI: [repeating question in Karen] AWI: My religious is Buddhist and that’s it. MG: Okay. Can you tell me about your birth country? MGI: [repeating question in Karen] AWI: From Burma. I was born in Burma. MG: How long did you live there? MGI: [repeating question in Karen] [3:44] AWI: About fifteen years. Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Aye Win Page 4 MG: K. And why did you leave? MGI: [repeating question in Karen] AWI: When or why? MG: Why? MGI: [repeating question in Karen] [4:19] AWI: Well, uh when I was little you know um, I just kinda follow my parents I guess. And there were Burmese military everywhere you know. They come to our village they were attacking us and me I just follow my parents. We had to sleep in a forest for three or five days. And then when we come back I’m just going back with them so that’s why I think I…that’s why I left Burma. MG: Okay. And after the forest where did you go? AWI: Going back home. MG: Back home to? AWI: To village. Okay. MG: To village. [4:55] AWI: So the…the Burmese military come attack everybody in the village so to escape that we went to the forest. We slept there for a few days then when…you know things quiet down we come back to our village again. MG: Okay. And what was your experience like in a refugee camp? MGI: [repeating question in Karen] Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Aye Win Page 5 [5:49] AWI: [clears throat] Well, my experience in refugees, um. Well, my experience in refugee camp I got married and um...I had one children in refugee camp and back then I wanted to go back home to visit Burma. But I was so scared that I’d…I’d never get a chance to go back. [laughing] MG: Okay. Can you tell me about the food and medical care you received in the camp? MGI: [repeating question in Karen] [7:03] AWI: Um. Well, yes we…we do receive food and medical care in the refugee camp, but for a pregnant women when I was pregnant back then. Um, we had like people what organization who are called AMI, IRC, they like come every week and give us…give the pregnant woman um…some like five eggs um…one bottle of oil and then one bag of beans. So, you know just to keep the pregnant ladies healthy. So, yeah if you…you were about to give birth and they’d take you to like…they’d keep you at a hospital so like…they’d admit you to the hospital so that you can stay and give birth. So, yeah. [camera clicking] MG: Did you work or go to school in the camp at all? MGI: [repeating question in Karen] [8:17] AWI: Yeah, well when I was small I did go to school uh…I went to school for four days and that’s it. And after I got married I just never got a chance to go to school again because I had to take care of my kids you know. And I ran eh uh…a little shop in a refugee camp and I kinda sell stuff. Groceries. MG: K. What were the day to day living conditions like in the camp like? MGI: [repeating question in Karen] Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Aye Win Page 6 AWI: Well, um…for…for guys, you know [clear throat] uh…for day to day they’d go outside of camp and go and uh…plant corn, pick chilies, but for a woman they’d…they’d stay home and take care of kids. And if they’d have more time they’d also go outside of the camp and do the same thing as the guys. MG: Okay. And did you celebrate any holy days, holidays in the camp? MGI: [repeating question in Karen] AWI: Yes. Like Karen New Year we have Karen New Year and Christmas day and those kinds of holidays. [10:09] MG: Okay. Did you use any special like decorations or were you able to get any kind of presents for the holidays? MGI: [repeating question in Karen] AWI: Yes, for Christmas we…we do. I did receive gifts like from a friend and then I kinda have to give it back. Like you know from friend to friend thing. So, yes. MG: K. What was the political climate like in the camp? MGI: [repeating question in Karen] [laughing] AWI: Um I…I don’t know. [laughing] MG: K. Did you feel safe in the camp? MGI: [repeating question in Karen] AWI: Yeah, um I mean I do like living in a refugee camp, but it just uh…sometimes like we you know just kinda have to live with fears I guess. Cuz you had to be afraid of the Burmese soldiers. You know they’ll kind of…will come your burn…will Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Aye Win Page 7 come and burn the…the refugee camp cuz they do that all the time. Or sometimes we had be afraid of Burmese military and the Karen military they were fighting each other and we were…I was afraid I might get hit. So yeah. [camera clicking] MG: How did you learn about the U.S refugee program? MGI: [repeating question in Karen] [13:26] AWI: Okay, well so. Well, so…so you know I didn’t learn huh…well I so…the thing is so…when I was let’s say teenagers age. Around teenagers age um…um…the Burmese military were coming and forcing people to you know forcing people to become a potter. And they were looking for especially like…like…eighteen to seventeen years old man or woman. Both man and woman. So, you know I…me and my friend we were just really scared. We were like uh…it’s not safe to live in here anymore. Let’s just go to Thailand. Let’s just cross the border. So, yeah we decided…we went to Thailand and we stay in a city. In the city uh…it’s more like a town. It’s called The-wa-fa. We stay in that city. We stay there for a few months picking corn, chilies. [translator interrupts] AWI: You guys want to write that [laughing]? T. h.e…the wa dablu o wa. How do you spell? Wa. [laughing] Thaw. AWI continued: Yeah, we stay there for a…just a few months doing daily things. Picking chilies, planting corn. And it was nice. But then after…after um…I can’t remember the date, but the Burmese military and the Karen military were in they were in conflict…conflicts. And they were fighting each other and then that…that war went straight for three days and three nights. So, me and my friend were really scared you know because of what was going on around us. So…and a lot of people died that…in those three days and so...and everybody was running you know just running for their lives. So…so…what can I do I just kind of follow everybody where they’re going and…and me I ended up in a refugee camp and so…I guess that’s how I learned about refugee camp. MG: Okay. And how did you apply and who helped you get to the U.S? Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Aye Win Page 8 MGI: [repeating question in Karen] [cut in audio] [16:55] AWI: Well, yeah there isn’t anybody to help, but it’s not hard. It’s not a difficult process to…to come to the United States. You know, you just have to fill out an application and they’ll call your names you know. Hey, so you’re um…set to go to United States. That’s what they’ll tell you, but the thing is um…I…I did not know that you know I have to pay rent, utility bills, insurance bills. Everything you know. But in…in compared to refugees’ camp or Burma you don’t pay anything. You have a house you stay, you do what you want. Nothing is…you don’t have to pay anything basically, but here its different you know. In order you know in order to let you…you had to pay rent and things and stuff. So, yeah. MG: K. Tell me about coming to the United States? When did you first arrive here? MGI: [repeating question in Karen] AWI: Um… I…I got here on June 9, 2008. MG: And where did you first come…come to? MGI: [repeating question in Karen] AW: Salt Lake City AWI: In Salt Lake. MG: Okay. What were the first months like? [18:24] AWI: Well, we didn’t like it you know. We don’t speak the language. We don’t know what to do or where to go. Or we don’t like…like clueless. So, no we didn’t like the first month. MG: Okay. Did you receive any help from the U.S. or religious organizations when you got here? Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Aye Win Page 9 MGI: [repeating question in Karen] [19:18] AWI: Yes. Um…so when I first arrive in the United States I…I did went…went to…to the church for a few months I guess. And like during Christmas they will come buy my child like a shoes, like boots and stuff. So yes we…I did received help from the religious church. [19:34] MG: Okay. Did you get help from any other organizations? MGI: [repeating question in Karen] AWI: Yes. There is another organization called IRC and that’s where we came like, we had to go through their office…not office, but we had to go through like, applications and stuff. And they were the ones that bring us here you know. And they had to take care of us for three months. There yeah, there was like their promise or something. So we receive plates and blankets, and kind of a lot of stuff from them. Yeah. MG: Okay. [clear throat] How long have you lived in Cache Valley? MGI: [repeating question in Karen] AWI: About six and a half years. MG: K. And what do you do here? MGI: [repeating question in Karen] [20:54] AWI: Um…[clear throat] Well, before um…I used to work at elementary school. I kinda, but I already quit that job, but now because I have a little child to take care of. I can just stay home. Yeah. MG: Okay. What’s it like for you and your family here? Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Aye Win Page 10 MGI: [repeating question in Karen] AWI: I guess we um…Well, we are surviving here day to day and that is good. We get pay you know my dad. My husband. [laughing] He works at JBS and um…then we get pay every two weeks. We use those money to pay rent to pay utility bills. It’s all gone. We get it again. It just kinda go in circles. Yeah. [22:02] MG: Okay. Do you feel included in the Logan community? MGI: [repeating question in Karen] [22:22] AWI: Um…not really. Because you know I don’t speak English. So, yeah. [laughing] MG: Alright. What would make you feel more included in the community? MGI: [repeating question in Karen] AWI: [laughing] Uh, I don’t know. [22:51] MG: Okay. Tell me about your home her. How’s it different from your home in your birth country? MGI: [repeating question in Karen] [23:32] AWI: Um, so it’s really different. Um, here um…I mean back in Burma you know where my birth country is. You kinda live. The only thing you…you have to fear is that the Burmese military. Other than that you don’t actually have any worries. You don’t have to worry about rent, bills, or food. You can kinda go out work. You get pay. You can either by like I know small stuff…just kinda go day to day without a lot of worries. But here you kinda have to kinda think of everything. Think of: Oh, I need to have this much to pay for my rent. So…here you just kind Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Aye Win Page 11 of think…think of financial situation here you know. You can’t you…just have to keep in mind that it’s different from your home here. So, I guess that’s the difference. [24:40] MG: Okay. Can you tell me your experiences with your landlord? MGI: [repeating question in Karen] [25:06] AWI: Well, this well…the current manager well…call him manager because she’s the manager of the land. She’s really nice you know. Let’s say something wrong with our house we…I can…I can go there and be like: Hey something is wrong. But although I don’t speak English she will come and look at it herself and that’s really nice, but the previous manager kinda not that nice. So good experience. MG: Okay. What would you like people in Logan to know about you, your family, or your ethnic group: MGI: [repeating question in Karen] AWI: [laughing] I don’t know. [laughing] MG: Mmm…let’s see. Would you like to go back to your country? MGI: [repeating question in Karen] AWI: Yes, um… my dad is…my dad is still in Burma. And I want to go back. I just don’t have the money to go back yet. So, yeah. One day. MG: Would you ever go back to live? [26:52] MGI: [repeating question in Karen] Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Aye Win Page 12 AWI: Well, it’s something that I have thought of…going back and staying there permanently. But I’m not sure yet because my children are still going to school and you know I still have to be here and support them. So, but yeah. Not sure. MG: What are you most proud of? MGI: [repeating question in Karen] [27:57] AWI: Well, uh my children they have a...you know better life here than I did back then. So, I’m really happy for that and now Chit Moe, that’s me [laughing], uh…going to college is really good thing I guess you know. I’m happy to see my child get to go to college and that’s just had never happened in my family. MG: Nice. What are your dreams for the future? MGI: [repeating question in Karen] [28:57] AWI: For my future dream I would say for every for my four childrens I really want them to have education. I really want them to have knowledge you know. Even if me and my husband die I’m sure they would still be able to live and support themselves with what they learned you know. So, yeah. [laughing] MG: Okay. Would you ever like to go to school again? MGI: [repeating question in Karen] AWI: Yes. I am planning on taking English classes at ELC soon because I failed citizen test two times already. So, I feel the need of taking it…taking the English class again. MG: Okay. AWI: Okay. [29:54] Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Aye Win Page 13 MG: Do you have any favorite activities to do here in Logan? MGI: [repeating question in Karen] [30:44] AWI: I’m not sure. [laughing] I don’t know. I guess, I mean there are a lot of things to do in Logan, but...Yeah, so. MG: Okay. Well, is there anything that I haven’t asked you that you’d like to tell us? MGI: [repeating question in Karen] AWI: Well, no. Not really, but I’m just thankful for you guys being here and doing interview. So. [laughing] MG: That’s all of my questions. Do you mind if my colleagues…if they have any questions they can ask you? MGI: [repeating question in Karen] [signaled in the positive] BH: Um…I have some questions. So, I was wondering about these um…the lights up here. Are they just decoration…you just like having them up? BHI: [repeating question in Karen] AWI: Yeah, just for decorations and we keep that for Christmas. [laughing] BH: I bet they look nice. Um… AWI: No go ahead. BH: That actually reminds me of a question I had. So you…you mentioned that you’re Buddhist and in the camps though, you celebrate Christmas. Is that a holiday that um…Buddhist’s normally celebrate? I just wonder. BHI: [repeating question in Karen] Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Aye Win Page 14 [32:54] AWI: Yes, uh…like I say I was a Buddhist back in refugee camp, but I have friends who are not Buddhist you know. They celebrate Christmas and I don’t want to be stranger or anything. So, just kind of you know were friends. So, yeah Christmas. So, that’s how that happened. BH: Okay. And you still celebrate Christmas? BHI: [repeating question in Karen] AWI: Yes, and it’s still for the same reasons. Have friends heres and sometimes they come and celebrate. Um… likes with Karen um…I don’t know. Well, she hasn’t talked this, but it’s from my…no…never mind…no. [signaled to go ahead] Um…so Karen I think every Christmas like, especially with their Christianity they…they will go house to house and play music with their guitar. Like a group of Karen…like big group and they will come to your door and sing. So, it’s just kind of…does…did you guys do that? Or? [MG, BH, and WV answer at once] MG: Caroling. MG, BH, and WV: Yeah. BH: Christmas caroling. WV: Caroling. AWI: Oh really, okay. So that’s not strange yeah. BH: Mmm…hmm. Usually, just without a guitar. AWI: But it’s with a guitar. Yeah. BHI: It’s with a guitar. Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Aye Win Page 15 AWI: Yeah. BH: So, why a guitar? AWI: Well, so you can sing better. You can follow the tone or something. [laughing] I don’t know. I’ve just never been to one. Um, like back…back in refugee camp you know we had uh…we had people like Christianity there they come to our house they and help us. So, it’s only polite for me to you know help them back. So, yup. MG: K. BH: Um…sorry I’m just really curious about this guitar. Um… do people have guitars in the refugee camps? AWI: I can answer that. Yes. BH: Was there a lot of music there? AWI: Yes. BH: Like what kinds of music? Was it like um…popular songs? I don’t know like maybe American songs? Or was it like its traditional? AWI: It’s mostly either Burmese songs or Karen songs. Like the...you know, like the top ten songs. [conversation in Karen] I’m doing it. Well, yeah they…we have lot of songs and going back to the Christmas thing you like know, like in a refugee camp when there’s like people going to house to house to sings there’s just gonna be lots of people kinda follow up. You know kinda join the group to do the same thing. So. [laughing] BH: It sounds like a good time. AWI: Right. [36:10] Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Aye Win Page 16 WV: Um…I’m just kind of curious who is the man in that photo up on the wall in that chair? AWI: On the left? WV: Uh…uh, the bigger one. The guy in the…what looks like brown robes. WVI: [repeating question in Karen] AWI: Its what his name is Thaminya. He is a…a… a highly…everybody knows person in Buddhist religions. WV: Okay. AWI: And he’s… he’s the monk in Burma and he’s rally um…you know. But there’s just I guess, so many things that happen to him that are miracle or something. Like, I don’t know if this trues…truth or not it maybe a myth, but like when he die. Well, he’s dead already and, but his…his fingernails are still growing. So, it’s just weird. I guess you know he just kind of have supernatural power or something and may people Buddhist…. Yeah. And it is true right. This particular person you know he…he’s still in Burma although he died many, many years ago. His corpse is still there and it’s not being… how do I say it? BH: It’s not decomposed? AWI: It’s not decomposing. Yeah. It’s not. WV: Did they preserve it? Like, did they do anything to…? AWI: Like they probably. Nobody knows whether they preserve it or not. It’s under military control and nobody knows. Like government control. I think they probably did. Come on. [laughing] K. Yeah. [38:04] BH: I have one more question. This is something I’ve been curious about cuz it sounds like in the refugee camps um…you can meet with a lot of people. There are a lot of people around. So, um…did you have a lot of friends in the refugee camp? People that you would meet with a lot? Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Aye Win Page 17 BHI: [repeating question in Karen] AWI: Yes. I had lots of friends in refugee camp. Yeah. BH: Are there any that came here to the United States as well? BHI: [repeating question in Karen] AWI: Yes, but they’re not in Utah. They’re in different states within the Unites States. So. BH: Are you able to keep in contact with any of them? BHI: [repeating question in Karen] AWI: Yes, um…we kinda...we kinda call each other you know. Friends to friends just like everybody would do. But, mostly what we all concern about: How…how is life doing over there? But, everybody wants to go back home. So, basically. BH: Back home to Burma? BHI: [repeating question in Karen] AWI: Yes, to Burma. But, in Karen State particularly. To that state, yeah. BH: Cool. Thank you. AWI: Good? MG: Thank you. AW: Thank you. [End recording-39:52] Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource transcripts; application/pdf 146517 Bytes Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/p16944coll14/id/82 Language A language of the resource eng; kar Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Digitized by : Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library Relation A related resource Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project An inventory for this collection can be found at : http://nwda.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv67609 Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project Digital Collection Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Special Collections and Archives, phone (435) 797-2663; Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project, FOLK COLL 59 Subject The topic of the resource Karen State, Burma, Refugee camp, Immigration, Family, Languages, School, Citizenship test. Title A name given to the resource Aye Win interview, May 19, 2015 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text; Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/81d0962fac09c2691e26b6e8b963a8ef.pdf 6e6543bae68c6eef8615038164cc6db6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Extension, Enterprise, Education - Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Utah, United States, http://sws.geonames.org/5549030; 20th century; 1980-1989; Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Bailey, DeeVon, 1953-; Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983 Description An account of the resource Marketing Alternatives for Utah Cattle Producers by DeeVon Bailey, Extension Economist for the Cooperative Extension Service at Utah State University in Logan, 1983. This circular discusses various marketing alternatives and their associated pros and cons for Utah cattle producers. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf; Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SCAUA-19p05No0402.pdf http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/coops/id/23714 Language A language of the resource eng; Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Utah State University. Cooperative Extension Service; United States. Office of Cooperative Extension Work; Relation A related resource Utah Cooperative Extension Service new circular series 19.5 Extension, Enterprise, Education - Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperations in Utah Digital Collection Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives (435) 797-2663. Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library; Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, Utah Cooperative Extension Service new circular series, 19.5 no. 402 Subject The topic of the resource Agricultural extension work--Utah; Agricultural extension work--Publications; Agriculture--Economic aspects--Utah; Cattle--Marketing--Utah; Extension Work; Publications; Agriculture; Marketing; Cattle; Economics; Title A name given to the resource Marketing Alternatives for Utah Cattle Producers Type The nature or genre of the resource Text; https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/b383c54cdf9fea9abab24f51551bc69c.pdf 0c930f4728037540fb35bb1f2a369b1e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Regreening Cache Valley Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Cache National Forest (Utah and Idaho); Utah; Idaho; United States; Uinta-Wasatch-Cache National Forest; 20th century; 1920-1929; Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Baker, F. S. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1921-09-30 Description An account of the resource Memorandum for Officer in Charge of the Robert Price Sale Area, Meadow Creek, Cache National Forest regarding the use of research plots. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg; Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/regreening/id/2232 SCAMSS0491Bx001Fd17-001.pdf Language A language of the resource eng; Relation A related resource Scott Bushman Collection (unprocessed) Regreening of Cache Valley Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Libraries Photograph Curator, phone (435) 797-0890. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, Unprocessed Manuscript Collection; Subject The topic of the resource Cache National Forest (Utah and Idaho)--United States; Title A name given to the resource Memorandum for Officer in Charge of the Robert Price Sale Area, Meadow Creek, Cache National Forest Type The nature or genre of the resource Text; https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/573b98cff33a9beb1e2549215a3b8ab5.pdf 7b08e51b84a759e3c45bb7f26a10a080 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Regreening Cache Valley Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Daines, F. D. (Franklin David); Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Logan (Utah); Cache County (Utah); Cache Valley (Utah and Idaho); Utah; United States; 1850-1859; 1860-1869; Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ballard, Henry, 1832-1908; Smith, Ralph, 1835-1914; Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1955-06-22 Description An account of the resource The early history of Cache Valley, written by Henry Ballard and Ralph Smith fifty years after the settlement of Logan, Utah, and later part of the papers of the late Dr. Franklin D. Daines; and transcribed into typescript on June 22, 1955. Describes the earliest days of the settlement of Logan in Cache Valley from May 6, 1859 to April 2, 1860. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg; Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/regreening/id/555 SCAMSS0046Bx004Fd129-001.pdf Language A language of the resource eng; Relation A related resource Joel E. Ricks Cache Valley history collection, 1847-1955; http://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv93618 [Handwritten version]: Ballard, Henry, 1832-1908. History of Logan, Utah [ca 1909]. Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, Coll MSS 244 Box 1, Fd. 28. Regreening of Cache Valley Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Libraries Photograph Curator, phone (435) 797-0890. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives; Joel E. Ricks Cache Valley Collection, Coll MSS 46, no. 129 Subject The topic of the resource Cache Valley (Utah and Idaho)--History--19th century; Logan (Utah)--History; Mormon pioneers--Utah--Logan; Mormons--Utah--Logan; Title A name given to the resource Early history of Cache Valley : taken from the papers of the lated Dr. Franklin D. Daines Type The nature or genre of the resource Text; https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/4b9aa5eae65dcd2c57ec9082d6be70d1.pdf bd18c928929ffc9510a8fb674b6ad6d2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Becker Brewing and Malting Company Records Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Ogden, Utah Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Becker Brewing and Malting Company; Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1893-01-01 Description An account of the resource This financial document lists the 1892 assets and liabilities of the Becker Brewing and Malting Company of Ogden. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf; 1312407 Bytes Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/p16944coll29/id/2 Language A language of the resource eng; Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Digitized by: Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library Relation A related resource Becker Brewing and Malting Company Records Addendum https://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv52359 Becker Brewing and Malting Company Records Collection Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives (435) 797-2663 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, [The Becker Brewing and Malting Company Records Addendum, CAINEMSS31Addendum Series 03, Box 001, Folder 04, Item 006] Subject The topic of the resource Finances; Becker Brewing and Malting Company; Title A name given to the resource January Financial Statement of The Becker Brewing and Malting Company, 1893 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text;