5 50 471 https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/12378d48344e65d43d3771e70a28b307.pdf 679c08941b09381900b8e72bf40ab3f9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Year of Water Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SCAUA-18p01No0120.pdf Title A name given to the resource Chemical composition of crops as affected by different quantities of irrigation water Description An account of the resource Chemical composition of crops as affected by different quantities of irrigation water - a Utah Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin, no. 120, dated 1912, written by John A. Widtsoe. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Widtsoe, John Andreas, 1872-1952 Subject The topic of the resource Irrigation efficiency Plants--Water requirements Plant chemotaxonomy Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Bulletins Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Utah Agricultural Experiment Station Digitized by : Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1912 Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Logan, Cache County, Utah, United States, http://sws.geonames.org/5777544/ Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1910-1919 20th century Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, University Archives 18.1 No. 120 Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Special Collections and Archives, phone (435) 797-2663. Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. University Archives Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Bulletins Irrigation Utah Agricultural Experiment Station https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/de07435a2b5483bad172ac5ecaa017d5.pdf 56262eac0e12ed028fd4e78661e37a11 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Year of Water Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SCAUA-18p01No0118.pdf Title A name given to the resource Methods for increasing the crop producing power of irrigation water Description An account of the resource Methods for increasing the crop producing power of irrigation water - a Utah Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin, no. 118, dated 1912, written by John A. Widstoe. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Widstoe, John Andreas, 1872-1952 Subject The topic of the resource Irrigation--Utah Irrigation--Research Crop yields Plants--Water requirements Irrigation efficiency Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Bulletins Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Utah Agricultural Experiment Station Digitized by : Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1912 Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Logan, Cache County, Utah, United States, http://sws.geonames.org/5777544/ Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1910-1919 20th century Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, University Archives 18.1 No. 118 Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Special Collections and Archives, phone (435) 797-2663. Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. University Archives Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Bulletins Irrigation Utah Agricultural Experiment Station https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/ba681c522624da0a2f68b477bba81fa9.pdf 9d6597a959ce4dd4e1b496431a8bc441 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Year of Water Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SCAUA-18p01No0105.pdf Title A name given to the resource Irrigation investigations: factors influencing evaporation and transpiration Description An account of the resource Irrigation investigations: factors influencing evaporation and transpiration, a Utah Agricultura Experiment Station Bulletin, no. 105, dated August 1909, written by John A. Widtsoe Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Widtsoe, John Andreas, 1872-1952 Subject The topic of the resource Irrigation--Utah Irrigation--Research Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Bulletins Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Utah Agricultural Experiment Station Digitized by : Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1909 Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Logan, Cache County, Utah, United States, http://sws.geonames.org/5777544/ Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1900-1909 20th century Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, University Archives 18.1 No. 105 Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Special Collections and Archives, phone (435) 797-2663. Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. University Archives Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Bulletins Irrigation Utah Agricultural Experiment Station https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/9080c2f771f3878d12168709dbd4cf3d.pdf 7b4bad8e7485fce7209bad1b98761f2d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Year of Water Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SCAUA-18p01No0024.pdf Title A name given to the resource Irrigation Description An account of the resource Irrigation, a Utah Agricultural College Experiment Station Bulletin written by Jeremiah W. Sanborn, issue no. 24, dated August 1893 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Sanborn, J.W. (Jeremiah Wilson) Subject The topic of the resource Plants--Water requirements Irrigation Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Bulletins Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Utah Agricultural Experiment Station Digitized by : Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1893 Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Logan, Cache County, Utah, United States, http://sws.geonames.org/5777544/ Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1890-1899 20th century Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, University Archives 18.1 No. 24 Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Special Collections and Archives, phone (435) 797-2663. Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. University Archives Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Bulletins Irrigation Utah Agricultural Experiment Station https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/11fe30e8640b78e043da7fd5cfa71da0.pdf 935a29f8663422518f173a59499910a0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Year of Water Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SCAUA-18p00C17Bx0122Fd05.pdf Title A name given to the resource Instructions for Marking Snow Survey Courses on the Cache National Forest Description An account of the resource Instructions for Marking Snow Survey Courses on the Cache National Forest Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Clyde, George D. Craddock, George Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Instructions (document genre) Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Logan, Cache County, Utah, United States, http://sws.geonames.org/5777544/ Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, University Archives 18.0:17 Box 122 Folder 5 Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource ReproductionReproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Special Collections and Archives, phone (435) 797-2663. Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. University Archives Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Digitized by : Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Cache National Forest https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/cec8688c26e26d4cbd0156f0b5b4a844.pdf 4fd978ddf5b724768114b0eb7a6f13fb Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Year of Water Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SCAUA-17p16c17Bx0007Fd04.pdf Title A name given to the resource Proposal for a Center for Social Science Research in Natural Resources at Utah State Unviersity, 1967 Description An account of the resource Proposal for a Center for Social Science Research at Utah State Unviersity, 1967 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Andrews, Wade H. Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Proposals Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1967 Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Logan, Cache County, Utah, United States, http://sws.geonames.org/5777544/ Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 20th century Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, University Archives 17.16:17 Box 7 Folder 4 Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Special Collections and Archives, phone (435) 797-2663. Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. University Archives Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Digitized by : Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Center for Social Science Research Proposals Utah State University https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/201640eaf80d77b5884612b9bd4bafdc.pdf 61cd8bf9529f1b94e4cbdc0e2d872665 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Year of Water Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SCAUA-17p12c47Bx0001-1975.pdf Title A name given to the resource Utah State Unviersity Ecology Center Program Review, May 1, 1975 Description An account of the resource Utah State Unviersity Ecology Center Program Review, May 1, 1975 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Nuehold, John M. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Caldwell, Martyn Dirmhirn, Inge Gessaman, James Helm, William Macmahon, James Box, Thadis Johnson, Ralph Matthews, Doyle Subject The topic of the resource Utah State University. Ecology Center--Report Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Reports Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Utah State University. Ecology Center Digitized by : Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1975 Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Logan, Cache County, Utah, United States, http://sws.geonames.org/5777544/ Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1970-1979 20th century Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, University Archives 17.12:47 Box 1 1975 Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Special Collections and Archives, phone (435) 797-2663. Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. University Archives Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Ecology Center Reports https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/a6c44c4c47b73bfb7c5e468dad76da89.pdf fb6265b5972cfb9e5061b8cb6e6b5051 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Year of Water Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SCAUA-17p12c47Bx0001-1973.pdf Title A name given to the resource Utah State University Ecology Center Program Review, February 15, 1973 Description An account of the resource Utah State University Ecology Center Program Review, February 15, 1973 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Nuehold, John M. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Balph, David Macmahon, James Kramer, Robert H. Caldwell, Martyn Dirmhirn, Inge Matthews, Doyle J. Box, Thadis W. Johnson, Ralph M. Subject The topic of the resource Utah State University. Ecology Center--Report Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Reports Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Utah State University. Ecology Center Digitized by : Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973 Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Logan, Cache County, Utah, United States, http://sws.geonames.org/5777544/ Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1970-1979 20th century Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, University Archives 17.12:47 Box 1 1973 Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Special Collections and Archives, phone (435) 797-2663. Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. University Archives Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Ecology Center Reports https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/bade10fe1a9d9f2e64b743878df45e41.pdf 2b7ea5bacb8536b3ef8ad3050d1e32ca Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Year of Water Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SCAUA-17p12c47Bx0001-1970.pdf Title A name given to the resource Utah State University Ecology Center Status Report 1970-1971 Description An account of the resource Status report for 1970-1971 of the Utah State University Ecology Center Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Nuehold, John M. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Balph, David Dixon, Keith Kramer, Robert H. Caldwell, Martyn Salisbury, Frank Subject The topic of the resource Utah State University. Ecology Center--Report Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Reports Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Utah State University. Ecology Center Digitized by : Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1970-1971 Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Logan, Cache County, Utah, United States, http://sws.geonames.org/5777544/ Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1970-1979 20th century Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, University Archives 17.12:47 Box 1 1970 Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Special Collections and Archives, phone (435) 797-2663. Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. University Archives Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Ecology Center Reports https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/6df61219d7e098b1146b3931e524e9cf.pdf ca19ad829d3338bc56439c4f8cdfdec2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Year of Water Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SCAUA-17p12c38Bx0001FdEcology1968-69.pdf Title A name given to the resource Minutes of the Ecology Center Council, 1968-1969 Description An account of the resource Minutes of the Ecology Center Council, 1968-1969, including grant proposal information Subject The topic of the resource Utah State University. Ecology Center--Meeting minutes Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Minutes (administrative records) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1968-1969 Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Logan, Cache County, Utah, United States, http://sws.geonames.org/5777544/ Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 20th century Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, University Archives 17.12:38 Box 1 Folder Ecology 1968-1969 Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Special Collections and Archives, phone (435) 797-2663. Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. University Archives Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Digitized by : Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Ecology Center https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/90113bc2582bf2c7523f717105719861.pdf fcee6e697d641f1db0e66a5f42cf5923 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Year of Water Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SCAUA-17p12C38Bx0001FdECNewsVol12.pdf Title A name given to the resource Ecotone, the Ecology Center Newsletter, volume 12, no. 1-2, 1984-85 Description An account of the resource Volume 12, no. 1-2 of Ecotone, dated 1984-85, published by Utah State University, Ecology Center. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Utah State University. Ecology Center Subject The topic of the resource Utah State University. Ecology Center--Periodicals Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Newsletters Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Utah State University. Ecology Center Digitized by : Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1984-1985 Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Logan, Cache County, Utah, United States, http://sws.geonames.org/5777544/ Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1980-1989 20th century Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, University Archives 17.12:38 Box 1 Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Special Collections and Archives, phone (435) 797-2663. Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. University Archives Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Ecology Center Newsletter Ecotone https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/04cb4660eff57ca309ef878ed4a5eaeb.pdf a177ef5266f94af176e4c14aee6588ee Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Year of Water Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SCAUA-17p12c38Bx0001FdECNewsVol11.pdf Title A name given to the resource Ecotone, the Ecology Center Newsletter, volume 11, no. 1-4, presumably 1982-1984 Description An account of the resource Ecotone, theUtah State University Ecology Center Newsletter, volume 11, no. 1-4, presumably 1982-1984. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Utah State University. Ecology Center Subject The topic of the resource Utah State University. Ecology Center--Periodicals Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Newsletters Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Utah State University. Ecology Center Digitized by : Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982-1984 Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Logan, Cache County, Utah, United States, http://sws.geonames.org/5777544/ Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1980-1989 20th century Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, University Archives 17.12:38 Box 1 Vol. 11 Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Special Collections and Archives, phone (435) 797-2663. Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. University Archives Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Ecology Center Newsletter Ecotone https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/dbd5fc94104a22129c518ca132eca1cd.pdf 94973133eea550881d3d8d606ba39c2d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Year of Water Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SCAUA-17p12c38Bx0001FdECNewsVol10.pdf Title A name given to the resource Ecotone, the Ecology Center Newsletter, volume 10, no. 3-4, presumably 1981-1982 Description An account of the resource Ecotone, the Utah State University Ecology Center Newsletter, volume 10, no. 3-4, presumably 1981-1982. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Utah State University. Ecology Center Subject The topic of the resource Utah State University. Ecology Center--Periodicals Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Newsletters Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Utah State University. Ecology Center Digitized by : Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1981-1982 Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Logan, Cache County, Utah, United States, http://sws.geonames.org/5777544/ Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1980-1989 20th century Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, University Archives 17.12:38 Box 1 Vol. 10 Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Special Collections and Archives, phone (435) 797-2663. Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. University Archives Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Ecology Center Newsletter Ecotone https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/d569074998ad802e4d6b5225c1937c8e.pdf ef02a009b48de205ca3a04ea3740663c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Year of Water Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SCAUA-17p12c38Bx0001FdECNewsVol09.pdf Title A name given to the resource Ecotone, the Ecology Center Newsletter, volume 9, no. 1-3, presumably 1978-1979 Description An account of the resource Ecotone, the Utah State University Ecology Center Newsletter, volume 9, no. 1-3, presumably 1978-1979. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Utah State University. Ecology Center Subject The topic of the resource Utah State University. Ecology Center--Periodicals Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Newsletters Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Utah State University. Ecology Center Digitized by : Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1978-1979 Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Logan, Cache County, Utah, United States, http://sws.geonames.org/5777544/ Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1970-1979 20th century Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, University Archives 17.12:38 Box 1 Vol. 9 Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Special Collections and Archives, phone (435) 797-2663. Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. University Archives Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Ecology Center Newsletter https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/ef4f6469a50433530c8cda7c41b08469.pdf 461ba0be2beff4363eaa239d6f4f4917 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Year of Water Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SCAUA-17p12c38Bx0001FdECNewsVol08.pdf Title A name given to the resource Ecology Center Newsletter, volume 8, no. 1, 2, 3, 5, and 8, 1977-1978 Description An account of the resource Utah State University Ecology Center Newsletter, volume 8, no. 1, 2, 3, 5, and 8, 1977-1978. Issue no. 2 appears twice, but with differing content. One may possibly be issue 4, from April 1978. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Utah State University. Ecology Center Subject The topic of the resource Utah State University. Ecology Center--Periodicals Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Newsletters Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Utah State University. Ecology Center Digitized by : Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1977-1978 Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Logan, Cache County, Utah, United States, http://sws.geonames.org/5777544/ Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1970-1979 20th century Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, University Archives 17.12:38 Box 1 Vol. 8 Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Special Collections and Archives, phone (435) 797-2663. Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. University Archives Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Ecology Center Newsletter https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/36801dbe8b83b0b40fd6e2f977c486e8.pdf d716c7816b8920fae99fe69c19e4057d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Year of Water Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SCAUA-17p12c38Bx0001FdECNewsVol07.pdf Title A name given to the resource Ecology Center Newsletter, volume7, no. 1 through no. 11, 1976-1977 Description An account of the resource Utah State University Ecology Center Newsletter, volume 7, no. 1 through no. 11, 1976-1977. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Utah State University. Ecology Center Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Jaacks, Marilyn Subject The topic of the resource Utah State University. Ecology Center--Periodicals Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Newsletters Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Utah State University. Ecology Center Digitized by : Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1976-1977 Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Logan, Cache County, Utah, United States, http://sws.geonames.org/5777544/ Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1970-1979 20th century Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, University Archives 17.12:38 Box 1 Vol. 7 Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Special Collections and Archives, phone (435) 797-2663. Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. University Archives Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Ecology Center Newsletter https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/475e27fcc3f577cc877ec6a793ee724b.pdf 06a39eb237b5f4018a980f6cf3490aa6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Year of Water Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SCAUA-17912c38Bx0001FdECNewsVol06.pdf Title A name given to the resource Ecology Center Newsletter, volume 6, no. 1 through no. 11, 1975-1976 Description An account of the resource Utah State University Ecology Center Newsletter, volume 6, no. 1 through no. 11, 1975-1976. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Utah State University. Ecology Center Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smith, Dee Subject The topic of the resource Utah State University. Ecology Center--Periodicals Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Newsletters Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Utah State University. Ecology Center Digitized by : Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1975-1976 Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Logan, Cache County, Utah, United States, http://sws.geonames.org/5777544/ Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1970-1979 20th century Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, University Archives 17.12:38 Box 1 Vol. 6 Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Special Collections and Archives, phone (435) 797-2663. Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. University Archives Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Ecology Center Newsletter https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/fafca4bcf280e1d086d6605a378acd9a.pdf 73238ebef7e3309162121cdb75f9ef60 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Year of Water Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SCAUA-17p12c38Bx0001FdECNewsVol05.pdf Title A name given to the resource Ecology Center Newsletter, volume 5, no. 1 through no. 11, 1974-1975 Description An account of the resource Utah State University Ecology Center Newsletter, volume 5, no. 1 through no. 11, 1974-1975. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Utah State University. Ecology Center Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smith, Dee Subject The topic of the resource Utah State University. Ecology Center--Periodicals Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Newsletters Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Utah State University. Ecology Center Digitized by : Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1974-1975 Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Logan, Cache County, Utah, United States, http://sws.geonames.org/5777544/ Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1970-1979 20th century Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, University Archives 17.12:38 Box 1 Vol. 5 Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Special Collections and Archives, phone (435) 797-2663. Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. University Archives Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Ecology Center Newsletter https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/a024b20f13f5b3c47358019255a8f22f.pdf a3d0ee58c5daa90762102f5ddd839000 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Year of Water Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SCAUA-17p12c38Bx0001FdECNewsVol04.pdf Title A name given to the resource Ecology Center Newsletter, volume 4, no. 1 through no. 11, 1973-1974 Description An account of the resource Utah State University Ecology Center Newsletter, volume 4, no. 1 through no. 11, 1973-1974. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Utah State University. Ecology Center Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smith, Dee Subject The topic of the resource Utah State University. Ecology Center--Periodicals Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Newsletters Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Utah State University. Ecology Center Digitized by : Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973-1974 Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Logan, Cache County, Utah, United States, http://sws.geonames.org/5777544/ Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1970-1979 20th century Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, University Archives 17.12:38 Box 1 Vol. 4 Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Special Collections and Archives, phone (435) 797-2663. Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. University Archives Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Ecology Center Newsletter https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/dc20c71ade057af502f3fc31c863216f.pdf 083c38e42355efd8e000096ac961a2aa Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Year of Water Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SCAUA-17p12c38Bx0001FdECNewsVol03.pdf Title A name given to the resource Ecology Center Newsletter, volume 3, no. 1, September 1972 Description An account of the resource Utah State University Ecology Center Newsletter, volume 3, no. 1, September 1972. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Utah State University. Ecology Center Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Paul, Nancy Subject The topic of the resource Utah State University. Ecology Center--Periodicals Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Newsletters Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Utah State University. Ecology Center Digitized by : Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1972-09 Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Logan, Cache County, Utah, United States, http://sws.geonames.org/5777544/ Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1970-1979 20th century Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, University Archives 17.12:38 Box 1 Vol. 3 Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Special Collections and Archives, phone (435) 797-2663. Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. University Archives Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Ecology Center Newsletter https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/dda74f5f6b092efb799a2a064606e0b8.pdf 86e05ee96b0fc9211ce1975b42c4f84b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Year of Water Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SCAUA-17p12c38Bx0001FdECNewsVol02.pdf Title A name given to the resource Ecology Center Newsletter, volume 2, no. 1 through no. 3, 1971-1972 Description An account of the resource Utah State University Ecology Center Newsletter, volume 2, no. 1 through no. 3, 1971-1972. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Utah State University. Ecology Center Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Paul, Nancy Subject The topic of the resource Utah State University. Ecology Center--Periodicals Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Newsletters Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Utah State University. Ecology Center Digitized by : Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1971-1972 Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Logan, Cache County, Utah, United States, http://sws.geonames.org/5777544/ Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1970-1979 20th century Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, University Archives 17.12:38 Box 1 Vol. 2 Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Special Collections and Archives, phone (435) 797-2663. Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. University Archives Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Ecology Center Newsletter https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/015e20fd88a426bf171fe62c46242ea8.pdf cd27ceff263cde0a4296587d37461b09 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Year of Water Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SCAUA-17p12c38Bx0001FdECNewsVol01.pdf Title A name given to the resource Ecology Center Newsletter, volume 1, no. 1 through no. 7, 1970-1971 Description An account of the resource Utah State University Ecology Center Newsletter, volume 1, no. 1 through no. 7, 1970-1971. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Utah State University. Ecology Center Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Paul, Nancy Subject The topic of the resource Utah State University. Ecology Center--Periodicals Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Newsletters Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Utah State University. Ecology Center Digitized by : Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1970-1971 Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Logan, Cache County, Utah, United States, http://sws.geonames.org/5777544/ Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1970-1979 20th century Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, University Archives 17.12:38 Box 1 Vol. 1 Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Special Collections and Archives, phone (435) 797-2663. Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. University Archives Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Ecology Center Newsletter https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/ad963631d8ed3e1ce6ea7c4e89e074fb.pdf d086eb5d55dee253a91500131b343111 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Year of Water Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SCAUA-17p10c47Bx0001-1965.pdf Title A name given to the resource Annual report fiscal year 1965 to Office of Water Resources Research, Washington, D.C. Description An account of the resource Annual report fiscal year 1965 to Office of Water Resources Research, Washington, D.C. from Utah Center for Water Resources Research, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, September 1, 1965. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Utah Center for Water Resources Research Subject The topic of the resource Utah Center for Water Resources Reseach--Reports, Annual and biennial Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Reports Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Utah State University Digitized by : Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1965 Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Logan, Cache County, Utah, United States, http://sws.geonames.org/5777544/ Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 20th century Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, University Archives 17.10:47 Box 1 1965 Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Special Collections and Archives, phone (435) 797-2663. Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. University Archives Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Reports Utah Center for Water Resources Research Utah State University https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/b18858f4918cc87827049097475fa5fc.pdf 81ac6c8eaa6b4a735ddc61940b90a421 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Year of Water Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SCAUA-17p09s02Bx0040Fd05.pdf Title A name given to the resource Utah Water Research Laboratory progress report: 1964-1966 Description An account of the resource Utah Water Research Laboratory progress report: 1964-1966. College of Engineering, Utah State University, 1966. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Utah Water Research Laboratory Subject The topic of the resource Utah Water Research Laboratory--Reports, Annual and biennial Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Reports Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Utah State University. College of Engineering. Digitized by : Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1966 Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Logan, Cache County, Utah, United States, http://sws.geonames.org/5777544/ Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 20th century Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, University Archives 17.9/2 Box 4 Folder 5 Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Special Collections and Archives, phone (435) 797-2663. Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. University Archives Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Reports Utah Water Research Laboratory https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/3b4984d51b7b1884a6238431e7ab9fcd.pdf 4de8288b2bc01a490dd679ab30ea1a2f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Year of Water Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SCAUA-10p02c63No0002.pdf Title A name given to the resource Iran and Utah State University, half a century of friendship and a decade of contracts Description An account of the resource Publication created at the behest of Dr. Daryl Chase, president of Utah State University, outlining the interactions between Iran and USU for the previous 50 years. Subject The topic of the resource Technical assistance, American--Iran Agriculture--Iran Iran--Foreign relations Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Books Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Utah State University Digitized by : Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1963 Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Logan, Cache County, Utah, United States, http://sws.geonames.org/5777544/ Islamic Republic of Iran, http://sws.geonames.org/130758/ Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1910-1919 1920-1929 1930-1939 1940-1949 1950-1959 1960-1969 20th century Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, University Archives 10.2:63 No. 2 Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Special Collections and Archives, phone (435) 797-2663. Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. University Archives Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Farming Iran Irrigation Utah State University https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/e335913a54f858f234cd40ad53b37848.pdf cdae7b20e0483173f77b43031207b575 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Year of Water Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SCAUA-08p08c63No0056.pdf Title A name given to the resource Irrigation principles and practices Description An account of the resource Irrigation principles and practices by Orson W. Israelsen, 1950. Part of the Wiley Agricultural Engineering Series Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Israelsen, Orson Winso, 1887-1968 Subject The topic of the resource Irrigation Irrigation farming Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Books Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Digitized by : Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1950 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1950-1959 20th century Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, University Archives 8.8:63 no. 56 Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Special Collections and Archives, phone (435) 797-2663. Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. University Archives Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Irrigation Irrigation farming https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/d4d560e48dbd40709966ba17b8e33982.pdf 4cc48c9a1f693a5c6a4ee29114a24923 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Year of Water Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SCAUA-06p04Bx0003-1982-08-06.pdf Title A name given to the resource Program for the dedication of the Dean F. Peterson Engineering Building and the George D. Clyde Water Research Laboratory, August 6, 1982 Description An account of the resource Program for the dedication of the Dean F. Peterson Engineering Building and the George D. Clyde Water Research Laboratory, August 6, 1982 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Utah State University Subject The topic of the resource Programs Dedication service Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Programs (documents) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982 Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Logan, Cache County, Utah, United States, http://sws.geonames.org/5777544/ Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1980-1989 20th century Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, University Archives 6.4 Box 3 Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Special Collections and Archives, phone (435) 797-2663. Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. University Archives Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Digitized by : Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Building dedications Programs https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/e52af09e1ecf78ab73fe63dbfbda3d51.pdf 2f1be5efa2dce8104a992ac4864a24e0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Year of Water Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SCAUA-03p01s10-02Bx0131Fd11-092.pdf Title A name given to the resource Speech read by Iranian Ambassador Ardeshir Zahedi at a banquet at Utah State University, June 4, 1960 Description An account of the resource Speech read by Iranian Ambassador Ardeshir Zahedi at a banquet at Utah State University, June 4, 1960 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Zahedi, Ardeshir Subject The topic of the resource Zahedi, Ardeshir--Speeches Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Letters (correspondence) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960-06-04 Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Logan, Cache County, Utah, United States, http://sws.geonames.org/5777544/ Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 20th century Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, University Archives 3.1/10-2 Box 131, Folder 11 Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Special Collections and Archives, phone (435) 797-2663. Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. University Archives Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Digitized by : Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Ardehir Zahedi Speeches https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/9d32d1db5a402ef8e8aebde399f577a6.pdf 0f9001e5c4662b673c65d65c3363e128 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Year of Water Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SCAUA-03p01s10-02Bx0131Fd11-073.pdf Title A name given to the resource Correspondence from Reza Esfandiari to Daryl Chase, August 31, 1962 Description An account of the resource Correspondence from Reza Esfandiari to Daryl Chase, August 31, 1962. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Esfandiari, Reza Subject The topic of the resource Chase, Daryl, 1901-1970--Correspondence Esfandiari, Reza--Correspondence Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Letters (correspondence) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1962-08-31 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 20th century Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, University Archives 3.1/10-2 Box 131, Folder 11, Item 73 Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Special Collections and Archives, phone (435) 797-2663. Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. University Archives Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Digitized by : Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Correspondence Daryl Chase https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/433eb7badda27cf62ad33b7aa8474aec.pdf 113c0df5353cbb041bec193040858f68 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Year of Water Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SCAUA-03p01s10-02Bx0131Fd11-072.pdf Title A name given to the resource Correspondence from Iranian ambassador Ardeshir Zahedi to Daryl Chase, February 22, 1962 Description An account of the resource Correspondence from Iranian ambassador Ardeshir Zahedi to Daryl Chase, February 22, 1962 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Zahedi, Ardeshir Subject The topic of the resource Chase, Daryl, 1901-1970--Correspondence Zahedi, Ardeshir--Correspondence Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Letters (correspondence) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1962-02-22 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 20th century Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, University Archives 3.1/10-2 Box 131, Folder 11, Item 72 Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Special Collections and Archives, phone (435) 797-2663. Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. University Archives Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Digitized by : Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Ardehir Zahedi Correspondence Daryl Chase https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/4b3ca81046acc3563c002f55f0687798.pdf dd2d8c5587a007b1cdbfef07a6932cba Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Year of Water Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SCAUA-03p01s10-02Bx0131Fd11-017.pdf Title A name given to the resource Cable from Daryl Chase to Iranian ambassador Ardeshir Zahedi, June 22, 1965 Description An account of the resource Cable from Daryl Chase to Iranian ambassador Ardeshir Zahedi, June 22, 1965, regarding exchange students and the Peace Corps Training program. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Chase, Daryl, 1901-1970 Subject The topic of the resource Chase, Daryl, 1901-1970--Correspondence Zahedi, Ardeshir--Correspondence Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Cables (correspondence) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1965-06-22 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 20th century Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, University Archives 3.1/10-2 Box 131, Folder 11, Item 17 Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Special Collections and Archives, phone (435) 797-2663. Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. University Archives Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Digitized by : Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Ardehir Zahedi Correspondence Daryl Chase https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/44ad66da8108dadd26bab11804b8bde5.pdf 006381d470caf309bbc7f120c8430ad5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Year of Water Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SCAUA-03p01s10-02Bx0131Fd11-007.pdf Title A name given to the resource Correspondence of Daryl Chase with Iranian ambassador Ardeshir Zahedi, September 9, 1965 Description An account of the resource Correspondence of Daryl Chase with Iranian ambassador Ardeshir Zahedi, September 9, 1965, regarding the status of an exhange student, Peace Corps volunteers serving in Iran, and international projects in which Utah State University was involved. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Chase, Daryl, 1901-1970 Subject The topic of the resource Chase, Daryl, 1901-1970--Correspondence Zahedi, Ardeshir--Correspondence Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Letters (correspondence) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1965-09-09 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 20th century Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, University Archives 3.1/10-2 Box 131, Folder 11, Item 7 Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Special Collections and Archives, phone (435) 797-2663. Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. University Archives Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Digitized by : Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Ardehir Zahedi Correspondence Daryl Chase https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/e578913336e596cdf5df7fa998b2ac18.pdf 427a3ab1166ab56675ddce440c728a2c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Year of Water Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SCAUA-03p01s05-02Bx0023Fd05.pdf Title A name given to the resource Correspondence of John A. Widtsoe, between 1912 and 1914, regarding his publications Description An account of the resource Correspondence of John A. Widtsoe, between 1912 and 1914, regarding his publications. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Widtsoe, John Andreas, 1872-1952 Subject The topic of the resource Widtsoe, John Andreas, 1872-1952--Correspondence Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Letters (correspondence) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1912-1914 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1910-1919 20th century Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, University Archives 3.1/5-2 Box 23, Folder 5 Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public Domain Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. University Archives Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Digitized by : Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Correspondence https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/57528e244bf8792a3db181f82bb4c2e4.pdf 7d8f5406f5b4605a545a84082176c0c5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Year of Water Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SCAUA-03p01s05-02Bx0004Fd12-026.pdf Title A name given to the resource Letter from O.W. Israelsen to F.S. Harris, March 9, 1914 Description An account of the resource Letter from O.W. Israelsen to F.S. Harris, March 9, 1914, regarding potential prospects for a position in Department of Irrigation and Drainage. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Israelsen, Orson Winso, 1887-1968 Subject The topic of the resource Israelsen, Orson Winso, 1887-1968--Correspondence Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Letters (correspondence) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1914 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1910-1919 20th century Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, University Archives 3.1/5-2 Box 4, Folder 12 Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public Domain Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. University Archives Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Digitized by : Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Correspondence https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/22ec34d16c827e60ddb604605d70bae8.pdf af41c7071ec368d27fefd951a46ac3f2 https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/b02adc3c30ce2013f434d91a1ea39c3b.pdf 9d5241bf97745b864f1afb25f738a7fd Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Year of Water Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SCAUA-03p01s05-02Bx0004Fd02-001.pdf Title A name given to the resource Correspondence of Jerome Cochran and John A. Widtsoe, 1908 Description An account of the resource A letter from Jerome Cochran to John A. Widtsoe, dated May 16, 1908, requesting information about internship possibilities in the Mathematics or Civil Engineering departments at the Utah Agricultural College. Following is a response from John A. Widstoe to Jerome Cochran, dated May 21st, 1908, stating that the Utah Agricultural College was no longer allowed to teach engineering, per state law. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Widstoe, John Andreas, 1872-195 Cochran, Jerome Subject The topic of the resource Widtsoe, John Andreas, 1872-1952 Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Letters (correspondence) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1908 Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Utah, United States, http://sws.geonames.org/5549030/ Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1900-1910 20th century Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, University Archives 3.1/5-2 Box 4, Folder 2 Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public Domain Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. University Archives Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Digitized by : Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Agricultural College of Utah Correspondence https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/d08a1da1fc1059abaa4cf07c4f7c310f.pdf 676a00d8b90f4b6a941e719502e58051 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Year of Water Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SCAUA-01p02s02-01-1905-UtahCollegeUnivComm.pdf Title A name given to the resource Reports: Duplication of work in the Agricultural College of Utah and the University of Utah: A report by President W. J. Kerr to the Joint Committee, Utah Legislature, 1905 and Minority Report of the College-Univeristy Commission, 1906 Description An account of the resource Two reports bound together that explore the curriculum overlap at two higher education institutions in Utah around the turn of the century. Titles include: Duplication of work in the Agricultural College of Utah and the University of Utah: A report by President W. J. Kerr to the Joint Committee, Utah Legislature, 1905 and Minority Report of the College-Univeristy Commission, 1906 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Kerr, William Jasper, 1863-1947 Bullen, Herschel, 1870-1966 Walters, J.C. Subject The topic of the resource Education, Higher--Utah Utah State University Agricultural College of Utah University of Utah Education, Higher Agricultural education Utah Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Reports Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1905 1906 Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Utah, United States, http://sws.geonames.org/5549030/ Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1900-1910 20th century Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, University Archives 1.2/2-1 1905 Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public Domain Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. University Archives Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Digitized by : Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Agricultural College of Utah Reports https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/50134c794a38c1b8302b44ef16512c55.pdf 93c9f2c1d77176705299dab80d3647af Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Year of Water Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SCAMSS0279Bx016Fd06.pdf Title A name given to the resource Report of Water Conservation Program and Drought Situation in Utah, May 1934 Description An account of the resource Report of Water Conservation Program and Drought Situation in Utah by George D. Clyde, May 1934. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Clyde, George D. Subject The topic of the resource Water resources development--West (U.S.)--History--Sources Agriculture--West (U.S.)--History--Sources Utah State University--Faculty--Records and correspondence Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Reports Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1934-05 Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Utah, United States, http://sws.geonames.org/5549030/ Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1930-1939 20th century Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, MSS COLL 279 George D. Clyde Research Materials, 1929-1971, Box 16, Folder 6 Is Referenced By A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource. http://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv05313 Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Special Collections and Archives, phone (435) 797-2663. Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. MSS COLL 279 George D. Clyde Research Materials, 1929-1971 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Digitized by : Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Reports https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/380d7a5cad4664d9ca1acd3857ab37e8.pdf 6a98fc846173be1b3f42e7fbd6393992 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Year of Water Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SCA631p7-W634.pdf Title A name given to the resource Principles of Irrigation Practice Description An account of the resource Principles of Irrigation Practice by John A. Widtsoe, 1914. From the Rural text-book series. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Widtsoe, John Andreas, 1872-1952 Subject The topic of the resource Irrigation Irrigation farming Water in agriculture Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Textbook Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Macmillan Company Digitized by : Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1914 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1910-1919 20th century Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, Dewey Book Collection, 631.7 W634 Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public Domain Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Dewey Collection Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/b9dd1ee87a1b76af3da53efa44b178b7.pdf ca28604949b0ad1674e2f8d185fabc70 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project Description An account of the resource Cache Valley, Utah is the home of Burmese Muslim, Karen, and Eritrean refugees. Documenting and preserving their stories is an important goal of Utah State University&rsquo;s Fife Folklore Archives (FFA). In May 2015, USU&rsquo;s FFA and Folklore Program, with help from the Karen community, hosted a Library of Congress Field School for Cultural Documentation: &ldquo;Voices: Refugees in Cache Valley.&rdquo; Field school students worked to document Cache Valley&rsquo;s recent refugee communities. This collection, <a href="http://nwda.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv67608">Folk Coll 58: Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project</a>, houses the physical recordings and associated materials of the interviews which took place during this field school.<br /><br />You can see the original collection at:&nbsp;<a href="http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/p16944coll14">http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/p16944coll14</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Gill, Meagan Gross, Susan Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Karen, Burma, Thailand Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Kyaw Eh Van de Water, 1988 N/A Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2015-05-16 Description An account of the resource Kyaw Eh describes his life in Karen State, Burma. Along with his time in a refugee camp in Thailand, how he came to the U.S., the languages that he speaks, his family, and life here in Cache Valley, Utah. Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Kyaw Eh Page 1 CACHE VALLEY REFUGEE ORAL HISTORY PROJECT TRANSCRIPTION COVER SHEET Interviewee(s): Kyaw Eh Present: Meagan Gill, Wes Van de Water, Bethany Hanks, Kyaw Eh Place of Interview: Kyaw Eh’s home, Hyrum, Utah Date of Interview: May 16, 2015 Language(s): English Translation: Interviewer: Meagan Gill Interpreter: None Recordist: Bethany Hanks Photographer: Wes Van de Water Recording Equipment: Tascam DR-100mk11 linear PCM recorder; Senal ENG-18RL broadcast-quality omnidirectional dynamic microphone Transcription Equipment: Express Scribe with PowerPlayer foot pedal. Transcribed by: Susan Gross, May 25, 2015 Transcript Proofed by: Brief Description of Contents: Mr. Kyaw Eh describes his home village and family in Burma, and what his childhood was like growing up and working on a rice paddy farm. He talks about the civil war in Burma, and the inequalities and suffering the Karen people were put through by the Burmese military. He discusses life in the United States, and his religious (Buddhist) views on life, as well as his dreams of being able to help orphaned Burmese children attain health care and education one day in the future. Reference: MG = Meagan Gill KE = Kyaw Eh BH = Bethany Hanks WV = Wes Van de Water NOTE: [You will have to modify this as appropriate—whether using CommGap or in-person interpreter.] The interview was conducted with CommGap Interpretive Services; the interpreter joined the interview via a cell phone. False starts, pauses, or transitions in dialogue such as “uh” and starts and stops in conversations are not included in transcript. All additions and added information to transcript are noted with brackets. Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Kyaw Eh Page 2 TAPE TRANSCRIPTION [00:01] MG: Today is May 16th, 2015. This is Meagan Gill, I am with Wes Van de Water and Bethany Hanks; we’re students at Utah State University, and we are working on a project called “Voices: Refugees in Cache Valley.” I am interviewing Kyaw Eh? KE: Yes. MG: At his home in Hyrum, Utah. Thanks for letting us interview you. My first question is can you state your full name and your birth year for me? KE: My name is Kyaw; my birthday is August 15th, 1979. MG: Thanks. And what languages do you speak. KE: My home language is Karen (K-A-R-E-N) – Karen; but I can speak four languages. MG: What other languages? KE: Burmese, Thai and English (not really well). MG: Tell me about your family. KE: My family: I have two sister, and one brother – including me we have four in my – I have my mom and she live in [??], but my dad (since 1995) because he disappear (because we have our Karen Revolution to fight the Burmese government). They’re fighting since that year – he die or – we don’t anything about it; so he lost. There are a lot of people (Karen soldier) die in the war – we have a civil war. My dad – he die, or we don’t know anything; we don’t have any information – nobody can tell us if he is still alive or no. But we don’t know [??]. MG: There is no program or way to find out if someone has died or not? KE: No, no, no because it is really difficult because in the Karen state we live in the jungle in a mountain; we don’t have any electricity, we don’t have any internet, we don’t have any phone to contact each other. It’s really hard to find each other if somebody go away (for example). We have no way to meet each other again, I think. MG: Can you describe the ethnic or religious community you belong to (if any)? KE: I was born in Karen state in Burma – I am Karen ethnic group. My religion is Buddhist, Buddha, Buddhism. [03:41] Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Kyaw Eh Page 3 MG: Tell me about the place where you were born. KE: I was born – about what? The place, what – describe? MG: Yeah. KE: The place where I was born is a – how is it called – it’s regional, like kind of the countryside (it’s not in a city). We had like a paddy farm: we grow the paddy: rice (paddy farm). We had a farm and we had animal like a cow, buffalo (something like that). We live just natural in the jungle or something like that; it’s not in a city. We don’t have any electric in our village. MG: How long did you live there? KE: Since I was born until – I grew up there, but I think because I moved to the refugee camp I lived there eight year. I moved from my place to the refugee camp since 1999 (around that), since I was born. MG: Okay. And why did you leave? KE: Because there are a lot of problem: we had a problem with Burmese soldier troop – when they come to our village they just give us whatever they want: torture us, and they just give us the (how’s it called?) – the bullet, the big – like they fire the gun. We have to carry, we have to follow them in the jungle wherever they go. We have to carry the heavy thing, the heavy bullets (something like that). For example, if we cannot carry it, they do whatever they want: even they can kill us, something like that. That’s why – especially for the men and the boy, for the men and the boy; but the woman is better than the man to live there. Mostly they just capture the men or the boy – have to follow them. MG: What all did they make the boys and men do? [06:23] KE: Excuse me? MG: What kinds of things did they make the boys and men do? KE: That’s what I told you – we have to carry the bullet or the gun with them, their food – because over there we don’t have any (how does it call it), the road, the car or the motorcycles go the road – we don’t have of the car road. We have to walk by our foot, our feet. We have to walk and go to the jungle because the Burmese troop – they go fight the ethnic group; they go to fight the ethnic group, that’s why they call us go with them. If they die, we die there; kind of like they are scary enemy – they just keep us the cover for them. That’s why we are scary or afraid to save our life – to save my life, that’s why I escape from my village and come to the refugee camp: to save. Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Kyaw Eh Page 4 MG: Okay. Where did you relocate to first? KE: Pardon me? MG: Where did you go – where was the first camp that you went to? KE: Oh, yes – Mae La camp is where I live. Mae La camp we called – Mae La camp is on the Thai/Burma border. That’s went into in Thailand – is the border we have the refugee camps there. It is like the United Nation – they have the food, they give the clothes for the education, for the house; everything they provide the refugees there. There I study the camp a year – I go to school there. MG: What was it like there, from day to day? What kinds of things did you do? KE: We just go to school when I live there; we don’t have nothing to do because we cannot go outside the camp. MG: Um-hmm? KE: The Thai military – they control – the Thai authority, they don’t want the refugees go outside, spread anywhere (something like that). We have to stay at only in the camp: morning, go to school; after school, go home. We play: we have the playgrounds and play soccer, visit each other in the camps – just like kind of in a jail. I can say in a jail, like in a jail: we cannot go anywhere; just I would visit a friend in the camp. [09:20] MG: Can you tell me more about the food and any medical care you received in the camp? KE: The medical care? MG: Um-hmm. KE: I would say really good; pretty good. We have like a hospital: a medical care center; we have everything like that – it’s like other countries, and better than in Burma (a lot better than in Burma), but we don’t have to pay nothing. We go whenever we sick we go to the hospital, we have medicine or something, they check everything – it’s for free. We don’t have to pay nothing. MG: Did you celebrate any holy days or holidays in camp? KE: Oh, yes. Our Karen holidays, kind of like our Karen New Year, and then our Karen [??] Thai ceremony (we call it) we celebrate like a traditional celebrate every year in August. MG: Okay. Did you get any special materials to use for the holidays? Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Kyaw Eh Page 5 KE: Oh no, we don’t have – no, we don’t have any specials give to [??]; no, nothing. MG: Were you able to make any like special food? KE: In celebrate? MG: For celebration? KE: For celebration? MG: Um-hmm. KE: We used to have like our Karen food and Karen New Year; yeah, we have just – we call (how do we call it) – it’s almost the same Thanksgiving in America (but we don’t have any turkey over there) [laughs] – it’s not turkey, but other food we ate. MG: Okay. What was it like working a paddy farm? KE: Paddy farm? MG: Um-hmm. KE: You have not seen – never seen paddy farm? No? MG: A few pictures, that’s it. KE: [Laughs] Alright, so how do you want to know the paddy farm? MG: Just day to day activities? KE: Oh, because you’ve seen the rainy season we grow the paddy since the seed, the rice (the paddy) seed we grow, and (how is it called) – we put the nursery (nursery, right?). We put the nursery and they grow for about one (how is it called?) – feet? MG: Um-hmm? KE: One feet, two feet, right? MG: Yeah. KE: Oh yeah, for about one and a half feet we have to take it off and transplant to the ground, to the paddy ground. We have to plow – you know the plows? MG: Um-hmm. Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Kyaw Eh Page 6 KE: With a cow – but right now they did lots with a machine. We plow the field – before, when I was young, we don’t have any machine: we have the cow or buffalo with a (how is it called – I don’t know how it’s called it) – we plowed the field to make the ground soft, we can plant the paddy plants in the field. And then for about two or three months (I think) it’s going to make a kind of flower and for about five months we can harvest. And then we can carry in our house or in paddy place. [13:38] MG: What was the political climate towards refugees in the camp? KE: Political climate? MG: Um-hmm. KE: I’m not sure regarding the political – I don’t have any idea of things regarding the political climate; I don’t know anything about it. MG: Did you feel safe in the camp? KE: It is more safer than in Burma. MG: Um-hmm. KE: It’s not like America; America more safer, better than the camp; a lot better than in the camp. But in the camps, better than in Burma (in Karen state) – it’s really bad, and the camps a little better. In America is a lot better. MG: How did you learn about the U.S. refugee program? KE: When I live in the camp, because we have (how does it call?) – we have a Karen leader (refugees leader) over there: they told us in 2006 or [200]7, around that. They have a ten country who were receive the refugee [??] to their country: kind of like Norway, Australia, Canada, Denmark, Poland, something like that, and the U.S. They have ten country – you can choose which country you want to go. Some of my friend (when I live there, we go to school the same: the same school, the same class) I have a lot of friend there – right now we are spread around the world. Some friend are interest in Norway, some other friend they go to Australia; but I choose the my choice: U.S. That’s why I come to here; that’s why I came here. MG: What made you choose the U.S.? [16:01] KE: I like because U.S. speak English. If I go to Norway, I have to learn another language again, and English again – that’s why I have to learn many language; that’s what I Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Kyaw Eh Page 7 thought. And if I come to U.S., I have to learn just only one language: English; and then the U.S., that was my idea was better than the other country: the education, for everything. But I never been the other country, but I just learn it in a newspaper or in a magazine; I just read about it. MG: Okay. How did you apply for the program? KE: Because we have to go to – because they have a (how does it call it?) the place to enroll, to enroll who want to go which country, you can come here or our refugee leader – they open like the United Nation or the UNHCR – the leader, they go to the refugee camps, they announce every refugee people who want to go to this country, this country. They have a opportunity lie there, they have a chance lie there, they have a different, like (how does it call it?) different chance, different opportunity, different rights. Each country is not the same; they let us know about this. And then I want to come to U.S., that’s why I enrolled – I put my name I will go to U.S., that’s why they take my names and my U.N. number or evidence. For about three or five months they put on a boat – we have to go and check our name are there; if my name is there I have to go, if I don’t have my name there, “What happened?” Or, “What have problem? I didn’t see my name there?” You can go to the refugee camp leader office, you can ask your name or what the problem – they reject, or what the reason they reject (something like that)? You can ask. MG: Who helped you apply? [18:45] KE: Because our leader over there – our leader in the camp, they help us. MG: Okay. When did you and where did you first arrive when you came to the U.S.? KE: Salt Lake City, Utah (2007), I think it was August 8th (around that). To this day I never moved to other state; since I arrive here I just stay here. MG: What were the first months like? KE: It was really shock for me; it was different, very different from my country. But I’m happy, the other ways I’m happy also because I have seen the different thing: different culture, different food – everything is different from my country. MG: What was the biggest shock? KE: The biggest shock was when snow time – when the snow was coming [laughs]; it was really, really shock for me. MG: Um-hmm? Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Kyaw Eh Page 8 KE: Because when I live there since whole my life over there, I never seen snow. I just see in a video or movie like that, but I didn’t know how does it look like – that’s why it was very shock for the snow. MG: Have you tried skiing? KE: No [laughs], never. MG: Okay. Did you receive any help from U.S. or religious organizations? KE: Here? MG: Yes. KE: Yes, what about can I say for the food stamp, Medicaid (something like that) from the U.S. government; it was really good for me. Yes. MG: Okay. Do you have any suggestions for improvements for those programs? [21:09] KE: Which program? MG: The food stamp, or Medicaid – do you see anything that could be changed with that? Or do you think it worked okay? KE: It work okay; yeah, it’s okay for me but I’m not sure of other people. I think for me it is okay. MG: Let’s see – and how long have you lived here, in Cache Valley? KE: Since 2008 until now. MG: What do you do here? KE: I just work at JBS Swift Company beef plant here. MG: What’s it like for you and your family to live here, in Hyrum (or Cache Valley)? KE: I like here because it is better than Salt Lake (for me), for my personality I think – it is more safety here. And then there is no crowded car, there is not a lot of the car – it is really easy to go to the downtown Logan, we can visit easily. I like – it is the same is similar like my country here, like with a cow and a lot of horse and the buffalo (or something like that) in the field – like my country with the paddy field. That’s why I like Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Kyaw Eh Page 9 it, and the mountains and the stream with the lake; that’s what I’m growing in my country, it’s similar here so I like it here. MG: Okay. Do you feel included in the Logan community? KE: Included? MG: Um-hmm? KE: I’m not clear how to say “included?” MG: Do you feel like you’re a part of the community, or do you feel a little disconnected from everyone else? KE: Oh no, is yeah, included in that community, yeah; I feel it’s good, really good. It’s a family with the people here in Cache County, many people. And a lot of people (when I first arrived here) they help me a lot to go to store, to go to the shopping mall (something like that). And from here they have a – at first when I met her, Katie (do you know Katie?) – English language singer – they teach the English language for the refugees is really good here. Yeah, they help me a lot. [24:15] MG: Do you think that there is anything else that the community can do to help refugees? KE: Oh I think they still help the refugees until now, but do you know Nelda – I’m not sure what’s the organization she had up there – but Nelda, she help refugees a lot to apply food stamp, to apply to Medicaid, to read the letter from the school, read the letter from the DWS for the refugees. Because most refugee, they don’t know how to read and write in the letter, they have a problem: Nelda help them a lot. Yeah, it’s good. MG: Tell me a little bit about how your home looked like in your home country, and the difference with your home now. KE: Oh yes, it’s a lot different because in my country – my house in my country, we just built with the wood, the roof with the leaf (you know the leaf, the tree leaf, the big leaf) – we just made the roof of our house. We don’t have any like the wall close every side like this; we have to like – we can open the wind come through, come and go through our house. And it was a lot of different because we live style different, completely different from here because here is we have snow, we have to turn on the heat; in the summer time we have to turn on the air condition – but over there no, we don’t have nothing: no electricity, nothing, no internet, no phone, no TV. MG: Did it get really hot there? Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Kyaw Eh Page 10 KE: Because we used to grow up there, it’s not really hot for us – it’s not really hot for me because we used to grow up there. If the people from the other country go there it is very, very difficult, very hard for them I think to live there; everything is different. MG: What would you like people in Logan to know about you and your family? [27:21] KE: I don’t know how to call it – to make the people in Logan to know my family? MG: Yeah, is there anything you would like to let them know about your family and you, or your ethnic group? KE: [Laughs] I don’t know because I don’t know how to answer it. MG: Would you like to go back to your country? KE: Yes, maybe one day; I have my dream. I still waiting the politic to change over there, the government change. If they change from communist to democracy, maybe one day I would go back there. MG: To live or just to visit? KE: To live [laughs]. MG: What are you most proud of? KE: Here or there? MG: Here, or there – yeah? KE: Proud of – I don’t know what I’m proud? I’m proud that I am Karen ethnic group (Karen people), that I came here, I have learned English and the other language (even I can speak some Spanish right now because in our company they speak only Spanish); that is why I am very happy I learn their other language and I can speak four language right now – that’s why I’m proud of myself. MG: Okay. What are your dreams for the future – for yourself or your children? KE: Okay, so in the future my dreams are maybe one day (that I told you) I would like to go back to my country (if the country change everything). I would like to help the people who need help (like orphan children) – do you know what I am saying “orphan” – that is the people they don’t have parents. MG: Right. Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Kyaw Eh Page 11 KE: I would like to help them if I have money, if I have my business or my own jobs; if I have incomes, a lot of income, maybe one day I would go back and help them for the education for the health to get the hospital or the clinic for them, or the school for them. Because it is really hard – there are many people over there in our Karen state (our Karen people) they don’t have receive any education, any health; it’s really hard over there. Because in our place there are many malarias disease – do you know that malaria? Yeah. There are many people die every years over there because we don’t have not enough the medicine, we don’t have equipment to check the disease, to check up everything for the health – that’s why they have to give their lives a lot every years over there. [31:15] MG: Would you like to own your own business some day? KE: I think, yeah; I think so [laughs], yes. MG: What kind of business. KE: Just for my dream, yeah; because I don’t have any – I don’t have my graduate like a high education – I cannot do the business, like the big business. I just that I can do just only the agriculture and poultry – do you know poultry? MG: Chickens. KE: Chicken – oh, yeah poultry like the chicken, or what about the pig farm to grow the chicken, pig, goat, cow or something like that, right? With the agriculture – plant the food, the vegetable, the fruit in our place; that’s why I like to work with like that. MG: Have you ever thought about going back to school? KE: Yes, because I don’t have a opportunity, I don’t have a chance right now because I borrow my house here, I have to go to work. If I go to school, who is going to pay for my payments here, right? It’s really hard to live here. I would like to go to school to get a degree or something like that, but it’s really hard for me here. It’s a balance make it which way I can do, that’s why I choose the – I have to work to live here. MG: Okay. You said you’re Buddhist – has your religious practices changed at all since you came to the U.S.? KE: Changed, like what? MG: Is there any like changes you’ve had to make practice wise? Is it hard to be that here, in Cache Valley? KE: No, that’s not hard for me, but it depends on the people. Some of the people, if they like religious, if they don’t have their temple or monastery (we call it monastery in the Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Kyaw Eh Page 12 Buddhist), in the Christian they call it the church – it is really hard for them to live because they love their religion, right? It is for me: I love my religion also, because it is always in my mind. And Buddhists, they just teach the people if you are the human, you are the human: if you do the good thing, you will get the good thing; if you do the bad thing, you will get the bad thing. In America I like, I really like – that’s why I’m [??]: if you broke the law, you have to go to jail, right? Your mother, your father, your brother cannot help you; nobody can help you – even the God cannot help you. That’s why my religion said if you do the bad thing, you will receive the bad; if you do the good thing, you will receive the good. That’s why I live here, it is easy for me – it’s not really hard. I can communicate with every people, every religion. That is why we are the human being. We have to love each other. We need to help each other. If we see the people who [??], we have to help that people: even the black, yellow, white, or whatever. We don’t have any discrimination – it’s not good; we need to help each other. That’s why I’m here, I like America. [35:28] MG: Is there a monastery here, in Cache Valley? KE: No, in Salt Lake City: Thai monastery is over there. MG: Do you get to go down there? KE: I’ve never been there. I live here almost eight year, I never been there. Just only in my mind – if I think the good thing, if I do the good thing, if I speak the good thing, I am the good people. If I do the bad thing (like to do whatever the people don’t like) – even I go to the monastery or the church, right – every week you go to the church, you go to the monastery – if your mind is no good, you are not good people. You go to the church, you pray, you go the other where you do the bad thing – that is not fair. I live in my house, I just pray in my house for my family, for the people around all the world. That’s why I believe. I never been to the monastery; never. MG: Would you like to go there some time? KE: Some time, yes – because we are different language; we don’t know how do they speak, how do they pray, right? [Laughs] If they pray, we don’t want to stand like something is not fair for me, it is not good for me. But for the religion, they pray every religion they pray for the good people for around the world: they ask them to do the good thing, right? But if I go to Thai monastery, the monks (the Thai monks) – they pray in a Thai language; if I don’t understand, how can I feel the good thing, right? It’s really good here, but that’s what I’m saying; I don’t understand they pray, because it in Thai language. I know they are Buddhist, I am Buddhist – I respect them, I like them, but I never been there. I don’t understand how they pray in their language; it’s different with my language. Yeah, so something like that. Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Kyaw Eh Page 13 MG: Okay. I think I’m done with my questions. Is it okay if they ask you questions if they have any? KE: Sure, sure. MG: You look like you have a question. [38:17] WV: I’m just trying to think. I guess what I would ask is, you know, based on just your experience and what you’ve been through (both in Burma and Thailand and here), is there anything that you wish you could help other people outside of your community understand? Does that make sense? Is there something that you would like if you could, you know, tell other strangers like us (who maybe don’t know), is there anything that you would like us to understand? KE: To help the Karen people? WV: Either way: here or over there? KE: Oh okay, yes; I have a lot of things to let you know. I am very happy today to visit with you, because you are from the university (US University), maybe you have a lot of experience, you have a lot of education (high education) – I think you can help my people a lot (more than me). Because maybe one day that I am talking about for awhile when I go back there I would like to connect with you. And maybe one day if you go to Thailand, go to visit or go do whatever, or go to work over there I just want to connect with you and to help our people over there to build a school, to build a clinic: just only two things that I’m really need. And when I live here, in Cache County (Cache Valley), I just want to let you know because our refugee from Burma (our Karen refugees here), we are almost 200 people (before there were over 200, but right now they moved the other state some). And we have a lot of children here that go to school; sometime they have a difficulty life here: their mom and dad cannot speak any English because their mom or their dad go to work. And that what I am saying sometime they have from the school, they have school conference, parent conference (or whatever, something like that), or the other things is really hard for them sometime. That’s why from the university can help them some way (like to read the letter, if they have time to apply for Medicaid, to apply for food stamp), because they have a better chance. In U.S. I know we have equality rights – every people, we have equality right – because our refugee don’t know anything (mostly) they don’t know anything about it, how to apply that: where we have to go to apply for this; that’s why they need to know. I say, “If you have some day you want to go to do this, you can go this building or that department,” or if you can like a direction for them it will be better. For example, if you print the paper like this – if you lose your social security card you can go apply this place; Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Kyaw Eh Page 14 if you need driver license you can go apply this department, this place – something like that. You can contact if you want to do whatever (how can I say?). But we have a lot of opportunity here, for the people. If you want to go to school: agriculture school or nursing school – mostly they don’t know anything about it, which program better (which one is better). If you mostly here we have high school student, they already graduate and they will continue their higher education (go to college) – mostly they don’t how to apply for the scholarship, the grant or something to go for their school. If you can have the children like that will be better for them. [43:39] BH: I have a question – KE: Yes? BH: So I know right now we’re downstairs, but upstairs I saw there’s a lot of stuff on a wall – KE: Uh-huh? BH: Of like a flag – KE: Uh-huh? BH: And I saw a picture that I think – KE: Me. BH: Is of you – is it of you in a uniform? KE: The soldier uniform? BH: The soldier? KE: Oh no, that’s my uncle. BH: That’s your uncle? KE: Yes, that’s not me [laughs]. BH: So I guess I’m just curious about that photo? KE: For what? BH: Is your uncle here? Is he in – Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Kyaw Eh Page 15 KE: No, he’s in Burma. BH: In Burma? KE: Yes. He is not here. I just respect him, because right now he is a soldier. BH: Um-hmm? KE: Karen soldier – fight for democracy, fight for our Karen to have a equality rights. He fight for everybody to have equality chance, equality rights, to have like a democracy, to get democracy in Burma. He doesn’t want to come here; he told me that he will die there – he will fight for freedom, for the equality rights. That’s why I brang his picture here and just put it and remember him. I miss him. He’s a really good because he suggests me always whenever I call him, he suggests me, “When you go there you have to do the good thing, you have to love your friend, you have to help your friend. If you have some that are like education, or if you have experience better than your friend, you need to help your friend who need help.” That’s about him. BH: Thank you. KE: You are welcome. Anything else? [45:56] MG: Is there anything else you’d like to tell us that we haven’t asked you. KE: No, [laughs] I have no idea. If you have a question, I can answer you; if you have a question. MG: I think we’re good; thank you. KE: You are welcome. MG: For meeting with us. KE: Yes. WV: Thank you. BH: Thank you. KE: I’m also a pleasure, I’m very happy to be able to converse with you. MG: Okay. [End recording – 46:28] Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource transcripts; application/pdf 158736 Bytes Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/p16944coll14/id/92 Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Digitized by : Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library Relation A related resource Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project An inventory for this collection can be found at : http://nwda.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv67613 Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project Digital Collection Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Special Collections and Archives, phone (435) 797-2663; Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project, FOLK COLL 63 Subject The topic of the resource Karen State, Burma, Refugee camp, Immigration, Family, Languages, School Title A name given to the resource Kyaw Eh interview transcript, May 16, 2015 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text; Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/9b47302c4e5dd51aa68abfa68b0da6bd.pdf 619534f05e9abaf6e55157dc7326ab52 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project Description An account of the resource Cache Valley, Utah is the home of Burmese Muslim, Karen, and Eritrean refugees. Documenting and preserving their stories is an important goal of Utah State University&rsquo;s Fife Folklore Archives (FFA). In May 2015, USU&rsquo;s FFA and Folklore Program, with help from the Karen community, hosted a Library of Congress Field School for Cultural Documentation: &ldquo;Voices: Refugees in Cache Valley.&rdquo; Field school students worked to document Cache Valley&rsquo;s recent refugee communities. This collection, <a href="http://nwda.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv67608">Folk Coll 58: Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project</a>, houses the physical recordings and associated materials of the interviews which took place during this field school.<br /><br />You can see the original collection at:&nbsp;<a href="http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/p16944coll14">http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/p16944coll14</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Hanks, Bethany, 1989 Gross, Susan Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Burma, Thailand, Salt Lake City, Logan (Utah) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Tun Lay, 1954- Gill, Meagan Chit Moe Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2015-05-16 Description An account of the resource Tun Lay talks about his journey from Burma to Logan, Utah. He describes his time spent in refugee camps and the differences between his life then and his life now. Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Tun Lay Page 1 CACHE VALLEY REFUGEE ORAL HISTORY PROJECT TRANSCRIPTION COVER SHEET Interviewee: Tun Lay Present: Tun Lay, Bethany Hanks, Chit Moe, Wes Van de Water, Meagan Gill Place of Interview: Tun Lay’s home in Logan, Utah Date of Interview: May 16, 2015 Language(s): Pwo Karen; English Translation: Interviewer: Bethany Hanks Interpreter: Chit Moe Recordist: Wes Van de Water Photographer: Meagan Gill Recording Equipment: Tascam DR-100mk11 linear PCM recorder; Senal ENG-18RL broadcast-quality omnidirectional dynamic microphone Transcription Equipment: Express Scribe with PowerPlayer foot pedal. Transcribed by: Susan Gross, May 17, 2015 Transcript Proofed by: Bethany Hanks, May 18, 2015 Brief Description of Contents: Tun Lay describes his life as a Karen refugee. He talks about his life in Burma during war, and the hardships placed on him by the Burmese military in trying to earn a living as a farmer. He explains how he escaped from Burma to Thailand refugee camps, and how he eventual brought his wife and child to live with him there. Tun Lay recounts his experiences in various refugee camps (including fleeing villages burned by Burmese military, his religious path, and family), and also how he eventually came to the United States (first Salt Lake City, Utah; followed by Logan, Utah). He discusses how he came to live in Cache Valley, Utah, and how he has adjusted to living and working in the United States. Reference: BH = Bethany Hanks BHI = Bethany Hanks’ words interpreted by translator TL = Tun Lay TLI = Tun Lay’s words interpreted by translator WV = Wes Van de Water WVI = Wes Van de Water’s words interpreted by translator MG = Meagan Gill MGI = Meagan Gill’s words interpreted by translator Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Tun Lay Page 2 NOTE: Interjections during pauses or transitions in dialogue such as “uh” and false starts and stops in conversations are not included in transcribed. All additions to transcript are noted with brackets. TAPE TRANSCRIPTION [00:01] BH: Okay. Today is May 16, 2015, and this is Bethany Hanks with Wes Van de Water and Meagan Gill. We are students at Utah State University, and we are working on a project called “Voices: Refugees in Cache Valley.” Right now we are visiting Tun Lay in his home, in Logan, Utah, and Chit Moe is our translator. So, first of all thank you, Tun Lay, for letting us come here into your home. BHI: [Repeating statement in Pwo Karen.] BH: First, I would like to know what is your full name, and your birth year? BHI: [Repeating question in Pwo Karen.] TL: [Responding in Pwo Karen.] TLI: My name is Tun Lay and I was born in 1958. TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: Oh, 1954. I’m sorry, 1954. BH: Okay. Thank you. TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: And May 28th, 1954. BH: Okay, thank you. And what languages do you speak? BHI: [Repeating question in Pwo Karen.] TL: [Responding in Pwo Karen.] TLI: He speaks Karen, Pwo Karen and Burmese, but right now we are speaking Pwo Karen. BH: Okay; so not Burmese? Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Tun Lay Page 3 TLI: No, it’s not Burmese. BH: Okay; very cool. Can you tell me about your family? BHI: [Repeating question in Pwo Karen.] TL: [Responding in Pwo Karen.] TLI: Yes. BH: So, do you have other family members? BHI: [Repeating question in Pwo Karen.] TL: [Responding in Pwo Karen.] TLI: He has a family here, but not relatives. BH: Oh, okay. So you have family here, but not relatives? So like you have a brother and sister, or I don’t know if I quite understand? BHI: [Repeating question in Pwo Karen.] TL: [Responding in Pwo Karen.] TLI: I have a wife [laughs] – BH: Oh, okay. TLI: And three children – one is married (and he is in Arizona), and the other two live with me. BH: Wow, so they live here? BHI: [Repeating question in Pwo Karen.] TL: [Responding in Pwo Karen.] TLI: Yes, two live with him, and the other one is in Arizona. BH: Okay. Were your children – were they born here? BHI: [Repeating the question in Pwo Karen.] TL: [Responding in Pwo Karen.] Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Tun Lay Page 4 TLI: No, none. BH: None? Where did you live before? BHI: [Repeating the question in Pwo Karen.] TL: [Responding in Pwo Karen.] TLI: Before I was in Burma in the city called Tun Aung; the name of the city is Tun Aung. [Translator speaking to interviewer] Should I spell it? BH: Yeah, how do you spell that? TLI: Tun Aung (I think): T-U-N A-U-N-G. Tun Aung. [Translator speaking to interviewee in Pwo Karen.] TL: [Responding in Pwo Karen.] TLI: P-U, actually. It’s P-U. BH: P-U-N? TLI: No, just P-U. BH: Oh, just P-U? [04:02] TLI: Pu Aung. BH: Pu Aung. TLI: That’s the name of the city. BH: Wow. Can you tell me a little about this city? BHI: [Repeating question in Pwo Karen.] TL: [Responding in Pwo Karen.] TLI: Ever since I was born in that city, I grew up; when I got old I married to my wife, then we moved to Thailand and now we’re in America. But I can tell you step by step of the process of what I’ve been through. BH: I would love to hear, step by step, the process. Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Tun Lay Page 5 BHI: [Repeating remark in Pwo Karen.] TL: [Responding in Pwo Karen.] TLI: Yeah, he is going to explain it step by step. BH: Okay. TL: [Responding in Pwo Karen.] TLI: So when I got married I had one kid. TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: So my occupation was being a farmer and raising cows and other animals. TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: Me living in the United States, there are difficulties here. TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: Oh, it’s still in Burma, actually (my mistake). BH: In Burma? TLI: Yeah. So we faced difficulties in Pu Aung, in Burma. TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: So in Burma there are difficulties, meaning we were in fear of Burmese military, and we couldn’t do work freely. TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: So between Burmese military and the Karen military, they were in war and we were really scared. TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: So we couldn’t do our work when there was a war because the Burmese military would come to our village and take us as porters – you know, forcing us to do work for them. TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Tun Lay Page 6 TLI: So if they couldn’t find us, they would go to our work place and kind of drag us to where they wanted to take us; if not, they would come at night and just force us – just drag us out of our house. TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: Living there was really difficult, and I couldn’t do any work; so moving around and I ended up in Thailand. TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: I was just following strangers, being stranded, and that’s how I got to Thailand. TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: So living in Thailand many, many years I have learned and found the U.N., which is a great organization which helps the refugees: they give food and shelter. TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] [08:39] TLI: So from what I see from what I learned, I wanted my wife to come to Thailand in a refugee camp. So I started telling her to do the same process, you know, asking strangers for a ride, being stranded; and that’s how she also got to a Thailand refugee camp. TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: So living there many, many years I had two children. TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: So living there for many, many years again, we were given like a photo ID for living in a refugee camp (like a permanent resident thing). TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: [Responding to interviewee in Pwo Karen.] TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: So after a few years we learned that the UN were telling people that they could go to other countries (like United States, Australia). And then they told us that we had to fill out an application, and we did it. TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Tun Lay Page 7 TLI: So many people in a refugee camp came to such other countries, and I was also one of them. TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: So in June it will be – TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: In June 11th of this year it will be – TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: It will be seven years of my family living in Utah, in the United States. BH: Wow. TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: Living here is very, very peaceful, happy for me and my family; I have work, I have food, I mean, there is nothing to worry about (like being free, peaceful), you know, being free. TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: I am very, very happy, and I am very glad I am in this state and in this country. TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: So everything I was born living in Burma was really difficult, and there was many difficulties; and there are many, many things that I have faced that I just can’t talk about it all at the same time because there are just many, many difficulties. TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: And my family and I are very, very thankful to the UN, which they provided us food and shelter; we are very, very thankful to them. TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: Yeah, being in Utah is the same thing: many people help us out, you know, getting us a house (for example), and yeah – TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Tun Lay Page 8 TLI: So when I first came to the United States I was in Salt Lake for a year, and now I am in Logan for almost six years. TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] [12:25] TLI: And I am very happy for being in Logan, and I have a job in JBS, and I have worked there for almost seven years. TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: Just like that. BH: Wow. So you mentioned going from Burma to Thailand, and it sounds like you would take rides from strangers. Can you describe a little bit more about maybe what the journey was like going from Burma to Thailand? BHI: [Repeating question in Pwo Karen.] TL: [Responding in Pwo Karen.] TLI: So number one key is between Burma and Thailand, there were a lot of people who were like transporter (I would say): they would do business across each country – TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: Okay, some people would hire other people – I mean, some people would go to Thailand, buy a lot of food, and then they would hire people and take it back to Burma and sell it there. TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: I was one of the people who got hired. I was carrying bags, you know, back and forth and that’s how I got to Thailand. TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: And when I got to Thailand I saw Thai people, you know, they were hiring people to do work, and I was one of the workers in there as well. TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: So from there, working there for a few months – as I was crossing from Thailand to Burma, I saw a refugee camp (which I also heard about it), and that’s when I started going to the refugee camp asking people, maybe to see if there is anyone I know, and Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Tun Lay Page 9 people were telling me that, “It’s better here,” you know, “we have food; we are stuffed. You should come and live over here.” TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: And that’s when I tell my wife and my child to also come up to the refugee camp to live with me. TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: And living there many, many years – that’s when that organization, they were you know, taking applications; and that’s how I got here. BH: Okay; wow. After you fill out an application, is it difficult to get into the camp – the refugee camp? BHI: [Repeating the question in Pwo Karen.] TL: [Responding in Pwo Karen.] [16:16] TLI: So there was no application to get to the refugee camp. What you do is that you go talk to – so in the refugee camp there is a certain section where they put you in – you just go talk to the leader, just talk to him or her, and then he would like take you to another person who is like the leader for the whole camp. And then that’s when you started telling your story, and that’s when they can tell whether you’re lying, or whether you’re telling the truth and how difficult your life was; and that’s how they accept me to live in the camp. TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: So why they were asking me questions, you know, how my life was, I have to tell the truth and later on they would have to, you know, figure out whether that’s the truth or not. If it’s true, then they let me live in there; if not, then no. BH: Okay. Was it difficult for your wife and your child to also come over? BHI: [Repeating the question in Pwo Karen.] TL: [Responding in Pwo Karen.] TLI: [Speaking to interviewee in Pwo Karen.] TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Tun Lay Page 10 TLI: There was no difficulty for my wife and child to come to the refugee camp because I was already there, and all I had to do was tell the leader – tell him that my wife is coming, and he would be like, “Okay, that’s fine.” But the difficulty was for my wife and child to get to the refugee camp – that was one of the difficulties. Because fortunately my wife speaks Burmese, so sometimes she would speak in Burmese and people would think, “Oh, she’s Burmese, just let her go.” And sometimes the military would think that, “Oh, this is a very pitiful family, just let them go.” And that’s how they got to the refugee camp. BH: Wow. TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] [Tun Lay’s daughter and one of his sons enter the room. His daughter greets everyone.] BH: Hello. TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: So for me and my family, on my way to the refugee camp, we have met with Karen military, and they were very nice, very generous; they helped us – [Tun Lay’s daughter drops something on the floor; she apologizes.] TLI: You know, they help us get to another place and they were really nice. BH: Okay. So was it dangerous at all – that trip from Burma to Thailand? I’m just wondering if – because it sounds like you rely a lot on strangers – is that difficult to do, is that scary? BHI: [Repeating the question in Pwo Karen.] [19:56] TL: [Responding in Pwo Karen.] TLI: So one thing is that once you reach the border between Burma and Thailand, it’s easier – you can just walk to the refugee camp with nothing to worry about. BH: Okay. TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: Once you reach Thailand border – you can either walk there or take a ride from the Thai military, and you can just pay them $5 or $10. BH: Wow. So can you describe for me a little what your surroundings were in the refugee camp – like what it looked like? Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Tun Lay Page 11 BHI: [Repeating the question in Pwo Karen.] TL: [Responding in Pwo Karen.] TLI: So when I was in the refugee camp there was a city called Kue Bong [??] (I don’t know how to spell that), but Kue Bong – TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: So you know, like I said, there was a city really close to the refugee camp; in that camp – we lived there for a few years, and then Burmese military were coming and they burned the whole village down. TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: And then we started, after the Burmese military were coming to burn our refugee camp, we moved to another camp, which is called – TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: [Speaking to the interviewee in Pwo Karen.] TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: Kue Bong was the first refugee camp that I was in, and after a few years the Burmese military were coming, burned down the village; and then I got to another town which is called – [Speaking to interviewee in Pwo Karen.] TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: Kwe Ka Lu [??] TL: Kwe Ka Lu TLI: Kwe Ka Lu. K-something. Got it? BH: Kwe Ka Lu TLI: Um-hmm. [Speaking to interviewee in Pwo Karen.] TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Tun Lay Page 12 TLI: And living there for one and a half years, the Burmese military were there again, and they burned the village down and we started – TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: So after when the Burmese military were coming and, you know, burning the village down we got help from the UN. They took us over the mountains, and we started living on a mountain – it’s called Umpium camp right now. A lot of Karen people were there as well; it is on a mountain. TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: So I can still remember the year that I got to the Umpium camp – it was 1999. TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: So starting from 1999, I lived in the Umpium camp all the way until 2008; and that’s when I started coming to the United States. TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: June 11th, 2008, was the date I departed from the refugee camp. TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: And I lived in Salt Lake for one year, and now I’m here in Logan for six years. TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: Yep, that’s pretty much it. TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: Living here is really a good thing for me, you know; you can go anywhere you want, you have a job. I’m really happy. [24:40] BH: That’s good. Let’s see – so can you tell me a little about your first months here, in the United States; and maybe the problems and the difficulties, but maybe also the good things that you saw? BHI: [Repeating the question in Pwo Karen.] TL: [Responding in Pwo Karen.] Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Tun Lay Page 13 TLI: When I first arrived in the United States my family, we were put in a house (like in an apartment), and people were saying, “Later on, if you guys cannot pay the rent, you guys will be kicked out.” And we were really worried, you know, and that was one of the fears that we had in our first month. And after a few months we had to do like a community service at CCS (in Salt Lake) where we had to go and give food to the people (I think they are the homeless, I think that’s the service). And after a few months I heard about the JBS and I came here, got a job, and that’s when I asked my family to move here. TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: [Speaking to interviewee in Pwo Karen.] TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: So you know, in that first month there wasn’t a lot to do; but on the second month, like I said, I had to do service at CCS (it was fun), and I had to do it two days a week, and the other two days was me going to school to learn English. [27:59] BH: Wow. So when you came to the United States, did you have any prior knowledge of English? BHI: [Repeating question in Pwo Karen.] TL: [Responding in Pwo Karen.] TLI: No, not at all; my wife, my children – nobody knows English. BH: Wow. TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: And I only know how to read Burmese, specifically. BH: Wow. So did that make it difficult to interact with people when you first moved here? BHI: [Repeating the question in Pwo Karen.] TL: [Responding in Pwo Karen.] TLI: It wasn’t really difficult because I was speaking with other Karen communities; and if I wanted to talk to an English speaker we had it translated. BH: Okay. Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Tun Lay Page 14 TLI: So there wasn’t any difficulties. TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: So if we wanted to go buy groceries, we would ask someone who came here before us, you know, who has a car – and we would ask them to take us to buy food, groceries. TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: [Speaking to interviewee in Pwo Karen.] TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: So if we needed help with anything we would go to IRC (it’s also in Salt Lake) and they have translators over there, you know; they have people that can help you with what you need. TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: Like I said, if we need help we can go to IRC, CCS or another place – it’s called DWS (it’s Department of Workforce Services); and they also have translators over there, you know. We would like ask someone who came before us to take us over there, or sometimes DWS will come and pick us up personally. BH: Wow. TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: So everybody surrounding me here – like all the Americans – they were really nice; they helped us in many ways. TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: And that is why I am living here really happy, my family is really happy. BH: That’s good. TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] BH: So the reason why you moved to Logan was to work at JBS? BHI: [Repeating the question in Pwo Karen.] TL: [Responding in Pwo Karen.] Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Tun Lay Page 15 TLI: Yes, that is correct. TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: So you know, when I was hired at JBS I worked there for one year. And then after that I went back to Salt Lake and I told my family to move with me to Logan, in this apartment (this house), and I haven’t moved ever since. BH: Wow. So I wonder if you could describe for me sort of the differences in food? Maybe some things that you used to eat in Burma, that maybe you can’t find here, or maybe you can? Maybe just a little bit about the food of your culture. BHI: [Repeating the question in Pwo Karen.] TL: [Responding in Pwo Karen.] TLI: So I have no problem eating American food here – it’s better than what I used to eat back there. BH: Okay. TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: Yeah, there are more food here than back in the refugee camp. BH: So what kind of food was available in the refugee camp? [33:06] BHI: [Repeating question in Pwo Karen.] TL: [Responding in Pwo Karen.] TLI: There are many, many foods. One is rice – they gave us oil, and beans, and – [Speaking to interviewee in Pwo Karen.] TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: And peppers – chili; yeah, a lot of food – like food that is very sufficient for each family. TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: They gave us food like once a month. Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Tun Lay Page 16 BH: Okay. So what kinds of food do you like to eat now that you’re here, in the United States? BHI: [Repeating question in Pwo Karen.] TL: [Responding in Pwo Karen.] TLI: He said there are many; there is a lot of food in America (like chicken, fish) – I just, I like everything. TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] [Laughs] TLI: There are a lot of food, like – yeah, I just like everything. BH: Okay. So I wanted to ask how people respond when they find out you’re from Burma? I know you said in Salt Lake the people were really friendly, and so I just want to see if that’s still the case, or if people respond differently? BHI: [Repeating the question in Pwo Karen.] TL: [Responding in Pwo Karen.] TLI: So when I got to the United States, I mean even when someone asked me where I’m from, “Burma.” “Yeah, okay.” There wasn’t any negative thing. BH: Okay, that’s good. Can you tell me a little about your home here, and how it’s different from your home in Burma? BHI: [Repeating question in Pwo Karen.] TL: [Responding in Pwo Karen.] TLI: So it’s really different here, houses – to describe it, it’s perfect, you know. But in Burma it’s very different, you have to build your own home; you have to use like bamboo to build it. And you have to make your own walls, but they’re not tight walls and wind can go through any time. It was really different from here. BH: Wow. What would you like people in Logan to know about you, or your family, or your ethnic group? BHI: [Repeating the question in Pwo Karen.] [37:22] Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Tun Lay Page 17 TL: [Responding in Pwo Karen.] TLI: He is not very clear on the question. BH: Let’s see if I can ask it a different way. Is there anything that you would like to share with the people around here that maybe they don’t know, or you wish they knew? BHI: [Repeating the question in Pwo Karen.] TL: [Responding in Pwo Karen.] TLI: So I have a different message, you know: I want people to know – before that, I believe in God, and I want people to know that one day everybody will have a chance to live in heaven. TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: [Speaking to interviewee in Pwo Karen.] TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: So I kind of asked him to make sure he understand that question, and – BH: Um-hmm? TLI: He said that there isn’t anything that he really wants to share because he feels that other people, you know, (other American people) I’m sure they have faced many difficulty as well (getting here) – maybe back in the day or something. So it’s probably the same story. BH: Okay. Would you ever be interested in going back to Burma? BHI: [Repeating the question in Pwo Karen.] TL: [Responding in Pwo Karen.] TLI: I’m very happy here. I do feel like going back, but I don’t want to go back because my parents, my brothers – I don’t know where they are; in Burma, I don’t know where they’re at and I don’t want to go back. BH: Okay. What are you most proud of? TLI: Here, or? BH: Yeah, I would say what are you most proud of out of all of this: your experiences and traveling? Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Tun Lay Page 18 BHI: [Repeating the question in Pwo Karen.] TL: [Responding in Pwo Karen.] TLI: I’m very proud, you know, to live each day being healthy and being happy day after day. So yeah, that’s what I’m really proud of. [41:20] BH: Thank you. And do you have any dreams for the future – either for yourself, or for your children? BHI: [Repeating the question in Pwo Karen.] TL: [Responding in Pwo Karen.] TLI: For me, my family, my children, my family, my wife – for my family – I don’t have any dreams for us, but I do believe in God and I pray for us (for me and for my family) you know, to be healthy, to stay happy. Yeah. BH: Okay. I think those are all of my questions. But before we end, I just want to see if any of my colleagues have one as well. BHI: [Repeating statement in Pwo Karen.] TL: [Responding in Pwo Karen.] TLI: Yeah, you guys can ask questions. TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: If I know the answer, I will answer it; but if I don’t, I don’t. WV: I’m just kind of curious who plays the guitar in the family – is that yours? WVI: [Repeating the question in Pwo Karen.] TL: [Responding in Pwo Karen.] TLI: Yeah, I used to – every Sunday when I pray with my family – I used to play the guitar every Sunday. WV: Nice. TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Tun Lay Page 19 TLI: According to my religion, my Bible, it said that when you’re praying, you know, when you’re praying and asking for God’s help, you must play a song (you know, play with the guitar). BH: Wow. TLI: And so I’m doing it every Sunday. TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: I believe that – I know that we can’t see God, but I know God can help us in a way. TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: And how do I know this is because I am very healthy every day, and I have been doing work here for almost seven years and I am very healthy – and I know that God is helping me. TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: And at the same time I want to tell people that God is helping us, but if they want to listen, then I can tell them; if you don’t want to listen, then I don’t have to tell them. BH: Do you have any questions? MG: Yeah. What is your favorite thing about Cache Valley? What is your favorite thing to do here? MGI: [Repeating question in Pwo Karen.] TL: [Responding in Pwo Karen.] TLI: He doesn’t know what his favorite thing is. Is there an example you can give? MG: Hiking, camping – MGI: [Repeating statement in Pwo Karen.] TL: [Responding in Pwo Karen.] [45:37] TLI: No, I haven’t done that – hiking or camping; I’ve just been driving around the city, going back to Salt Lake and eating at restaurants sometimes. Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Tun Lay Page 20 TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] [Laughs] TLI: Yeah, I’ve never been hiking. TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: But I would like to go one day. BH: So actually, I thought of a couple more questions – if that’s okay? BHI: [Repeating question in Pwo Karen.] TL: [Responding in Pwo Karen.] TLI: Yeah, that’s fine. TL: [Laughs] BH: Okay. So you mentioned the guitar, and playing music is an important part of your religious observance – so I was just wondering if you could kind of describe your religious community; sort of, things about your religion? BHI: Community? BH: Yeah BHI: [Repeating question in Pwo Karen.] TL: [Responding in Pwo Karen.] TLI: I know that every religion has different beliefs, and there are different ways how you can pray to God; but my way is I read the Bible every day, and that’s how I understand God’s word. I remember when I was in the refugee camp, you know, and living there for eight years, I was going around to different religions, you know, listening to people giving speeches. One day I met this priest, you know, he taught me many valuable things, and he even asked me to be an heir priest – is that how you say it? Well, yeah. BH: Like an apprentice? TLI: Well to become the next priest. BH: Okay; to be like the replacement after him? TLI: Yes, yes. Yeah, he even asked me to become that – or if he has to go somewhere else, you know, I’d be taking his position to do all the religious things in the church. Yeah. Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Tun Lay Page 21 TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: So there are lots of gods; Americans call him Jesus, but the thing is you need to know which one is real, you know, which one is the real God. TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: So whether there are many gods, or just one God – if anybody want to listen, I can tell them the story. BH: If you want to share. BHI: [Repeating statement in Pwo Karen.] TL: [Responding in Pwo Karen.] TLI: So there is only one God that I believe in, you know; he cannot be sick, or he can heal – he can get all or any other things. Before anybody (any human being) exists, he lived here before, and he created the Earth, trees, everything. [50:20] TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: Another type of God is who can die, who heals, and it is called – [Speaking to interviewee in Pwo Karen.] TL: [Responding in Pwo Karen.] TLI: And in Burmese it is called [Pwo Karen word] TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: And the easier way to say is Pe Synga Piya[??] BH: Pe Synga – TLI: Piya. Pe Synga Piya. Yeah. TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: And he is a God that can die, and you know, and can’t heal people. And he is the God that the particular God created. Do you understand that? BH: He would – Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Tun Lay Page 22 TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: So the one person God – he created another person who is also God, but he can die. TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: If it’s God Jesus – there is only one Jesus. TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: And he is everybody – for everybody’s God. TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: He can’t die, you know, he can’t get old – he is the only one. TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: There is a guarantee, you know, that if anybody believe that there is God, that one particular person will be in heaven. TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: So if you believe God, you know, you have to follow his words; you have to read the Bible, you have to do what the Bible says. BH: So I have just one more question. BHI: [Repeating statement in Pwo Karen.] TL: [Responding in Pwo Karen.] TLI: That’s fine. BH: You seem very interested in religion, and so I was wondering if that was a part of your life before you came to the refugee camp, or if that’s something that you really became interested in once you got to the refugee camps? BHI: [Repeating question in Pwo Karen.] [53:11] TL: [Responding in Pwo Karen.] Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Tun Lay Page 23 TLI: So I was really, really interested in God in the year 1999, and that was when I got to the refugee camp called Umpium; and that was when I was really interested in religion. TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: So in the refugee camp there are a lot of people who just go around the camp, you know, telling stories, sharing God’s word, you know. TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: And I would go all over the place to listen to their speeches, you know; it can be night, or it can be day. TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: Why I wanted to know that is because I believe God is good, and you know – TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: And you know, like I say, I started listening to those speeches every day, and that’s where I learned knowledge, you know, about religion. TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: And I understood a lot of words that – well, the speakers’ word. TL: [Laughs] BH: Very neat. So there were not very many people in Burma who spoke of these different religions? I guess I’m just wondering why it was so prevalent in the refugee camp – was it the same way in Burma? BHI: [Repeating question in Pwo Karen.] TL: [Responding in Pwo Karen.] TLI: No; I didn’t see any in Burma. BH: Wow. TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: Yeah, I started seeing it in the refugee camp. TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Tun Lay Page 24 TLI: So when I was in Burma, I heard of such religions, but I had never seen it. BH: Okay. TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: When I first got to the refugee camp, you know, I was asked, “Do you know God? Do you know the real one, you know, the one that can heal, the one that can’t get old?” So I’m like, “Well God is good, so yes – I want to know.” TL: [Speaking in Pwo Karen.] TLI: And now that I know a lot about God, you know, I do want to share it with people, to those who want to listen; but if you don’t want to listen, that’s okay. BH: So I think we are almost out of time, unfortunately – because we only have so much time that we can record on here. But it has been fascinating to listen to you. BHI: [Repeating statement in Pwo Karen.] TL: [Responding in Pwo Karen.] [Laughs] TLI: Thank you. BH: Thank you very much. BHI: [Repeating in Pwo Karen.] TL: [Responding in Pwo Karen.] TLI: Thank you. BH: So I think that’s the end of the interview. BHI: [Repeating statement in Pwo Karen.] [End recording – 57:20] Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource transcripts; application/pdf 182560 Bytes Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/p16944coll14/id/90 Language A language of the resource eng; kar Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Digitized by : Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library Relation A related resource Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project An inventory for this collection can be found at : http://nwda.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv67619 Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project Digital Collection Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Special Collections and Archives, phone (435) 797-2663; Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project, FOLK COLL 69 Subject The topic of the resource Refugees, families, Immigration & culture, social justice Title A name given to the resource Tun Lay interview transcript, May 16, 2015 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text; Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/7b270c2f89923c765b37515bfced4943.pdf 8eb91d1c45a0876d361c14a2dfc4263f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project Description An account of the resource Cache Valley, Utah is the home of Burmese Muslim, Karen, and Eritrean refugees. Documenting and preserving their stories is an important goal of Utah State University&rsquo;s Fife Folklore Archives (FFA). In May 2015, USU&rsquo;s FFA and Folklore Program, with help from the Karen community, hosted a Library of Congress Field School for Cultural Documentation: &ldquo;Voices: Refugees in Cache Valley.&rdquo; Field school students worked to document Cache Valley&rsquo;s recent refugee communities. This collection, <a href="http://nwda.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv67608">Folk Coll 58: Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project</a>, houses the physical recordings and associated materials of the interviews which took place during this field school.<br /><br />You can see the original collection at:&nbsp;<a href="http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/p16944coll14">http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/p16944coll14</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Van de Water, Wes 1989 Van de Water, Wesley; 1989 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Karen; Thailand; Salt Lake City Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Snay Tun 1995 Hanks, Bethany N/A Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2015-05-19 Description An account of the resource The interview took place in Snay Tun's family home in Logan. Snay Tun is a young Karen man in his early twenties. The interview occurred on the floor of his living room where we spoke for about an hour regarding his life as a refugee, moving to the US, school, and his passion for the sport Takraw. Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Snay Tun May 19, 2015 1 CACHE VALLEY REFUGEE ORAL HISTORY PROJECT TRANSCRIPTION COVER SHEET Interviewee(s): Snay Tun Present: Wes Van de Water, Snay Tun, Bethany Hanks, Meagan Gill Place of Interview: Logan, Utah Date of Interview: May 19, 2015 Language(s): English Interviewer: Wes Van de Water Recordist: Meagan Gill Photographer: Bethany Hanks Recording Equipment: Tascam DR-100mk11 linear PCM recorder; Senal ENG-18RL broadcast-quality omnidirectional dynamic microphone Transcription Equipment: Express Scribe software Transcribed by: Wes Van de Water May 23, 2015 Transcript Proofed by: Wes Van de Water May 23, 2015 Brief Description of Contents: Snay Tun talks about his youth in the Umphiem Refugee Camp, moving to the United States, his life as a college student, his family, Karen traditions, and about the sport of Takraw. Reference: WV = Wes Van de Water ST= Snay Tun BH = Bethany Hanks MG= Meagan Gill Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Snay Tun May 19, 2015 2 Tape Transcription [00:01] WV: Okay, so we are here meeting with Snay Tun, it is 11:22 on May 19th- um, I am Wes Van de Water, I will be doing the interview, Bethany Hanks is doing the photography, and Meagan Gill is recording the interview. Um, so Snay, if you would, could you tell us your full name and birth year? ST: Well, my name is Snay Tun, my birthday is October 13, 1994. WV: Thank you. So, I guess to start off, could you just tell us a little bit about your family, about- are you from Burma or Karen? ST: Uh, I am from Burma, but I our country is inside of Burma. WV: Okay. ST: We are Karen. WV: Oh so you're form Karen state? ST: Yes, Karen state. WV: Ok. So could you just tell us a bit about your family in the Karen state? ST: Well, I don't really know, but because they said there is a war, so we had to move over to another country. So, yeah. WV: Ok. So, did you grow up in a refugee camp then? ST: Yes. I grew up in a refugee camp. WV: Uh, which camp were you from, or did you grow up in? ST: I grew up in Umphiem. WV: Umphiem? ST: U-M-P-H-I-E-M WV: Where was that located, do you know? ST: It's in Thailand. WV: Thailand. ST: Yeah. Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Snay Tun May 19, 2015 3 WV: So, how old were you when you first went there? ST: Oh, I was like five years. WV: And how many- or how long did you live in Umphiem? ST: I lived there for nine years. WV: So, what was life in Umphiem like? What was it like living there? ST: Well, if, like, it was just- it was a refugee camp. As you see it's not like, not really free to go outside. We just stayed in the camp. But we do receive food and then medicaid. Yeah, like it's a hospital or children free to get medication for free. WV: So what were the setups of the camps like? Like what kind of, were, they, um, were they sort of like temporary buildings that could be moved, or were they, um, places built like this where they're not really designed to be moved? ST: uh, well, I'm not really sure, because like, you know the home was built with the wood- WV: Mhm ST: So, yeah, if they moved like that, to, like, like... um, broke down everything and moved to another one, because we're not sure like, it's still good to move or not, you know. WV: Um, so where or how did you wind up leaving the camp? And where did you go after you left the refugee camp? ST: After I left the refugee camp, I just moved to here. Moved to USA. WV: Ok. Um, so did you where did you arrive when you first came to the States? ST: Salt Lake City, Utah. WV: So what caused you to move from Salt Lake to Logan? ST: To Logan, at first my father he got a job here, so yeah. He like, told us to come and move with him in here and stay here. So, he could take care of us, like if we lived close to him. WV: Ok. Where does your father work? ST: JBS. WV: So and you said that you- so you moved here to Logan and you started going to school, is that right? Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Snay Tun May 19, 2015 4 ST: Yes. WV: What are you studying here? ST: Right now? WV: Yes at Utah State ST: I don't have major yet, I am an undeclared student. I just take a major, like general class. WV: Uh, what do you think you want to study? ST: Well, I think I want to study political science. [04:22] WV: Do you have any, what do you plan on doing, or what would you like to do after you finish college? ST: Uh well, after I have finished college, I'm not really sure what to do yet. But I thought if I get my degree, I might, like, plan to go to back to Thailand or something. Yeah. Or Burma. WV: What would you like to do if you moved back there? ST: Moved back there? Um, well, for what I'm thinking maybe, like, join some kind of like, community. Like WV: what exactly do you mean? ST: Like join some of kind community like, Karen community or something. WV: So would you, I guess would you be interested in, trying to you know, trying to help stabilize the situation in Burma, you know, try to maybe work with the government on fixing things? ST: Yeah, I plan to, yeah. If I got my degree. But I'm not really sure will study that. WV: Right, so when did you start school here? ST: I start school here since like 2009. I, like, well, I get in Salt Lake City, I stay there for 10 months, so I study 8th grade, when I move here, I studied 9th, and then, yeah. WV: So you lived in Salt Lake for 10 months? ST: Yeah. Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Snay Tun May 19, 2015 5 WV: Ok. And then you moved up here. So how big is your family? Is it just you, your mom and your dad? ST: No, we have like, I got two brother and one sisters. WV: Ok. How old are they? ST: The, my sister is older. She is around 27. 28. WV: What about your brothers? ST: He is 25. And another one is 23. WV: Ok. So, you're all a bit older. Adults then. Do they all live here in Logan? ST: No. Two stay in Thailand. One in Logan. WV: Ok. [06:39] WV: Um, so, let's see... so I guess- well, both here in Logan as well as um, growing up in the camps, did you uh- have any celebrations that you guys would do, like any special holidays? ST: Yeah, like, especially like birthdays, yeah, we celebrated. Also, like New Years in camp, we did it. But, in here, we have a really big space. But they did it in Salt Lake City. WV: Um, so, I guess how do Karen people celebrate birthdays? Do they do things very differently? ST: Um, not really different. But, like most of them kinda do it on Sundays after church. So, like, they just go and announce it at our church. So, after church, everyone gonna come back and like, at the house and but, yeah, we celebrated together. WV: Ok. Uh, where do you go to church? Or what church do you attend? ST: Uh, it's in Smithfield. WV: It's out in Smithfield? ST: Yeah, and its' in Smithfield. WV: What church out in Smithfield? ST: Uh, I don't really know what to call it. Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Snay Tun May 19, 2015 6 WV: I'm trying to think what that would be. I've only been there a few times. Is it, mostly just other members of the Karen community that go there, or is it, sort of a mixed group? ST: Uh, no, just Karen people. WV: Ok. ST: Just Karen that go there. WV: So it's a lot of, so I guess a lot of your celebrations are just within the community, so sort of everyone's welcome? ST: Mhm. WV: Um, so do you remember much, growing up in the camps, about maybe the political environment, or did you just, know that you weren't really supposed to go outside? ST: Well, I grew up in a camp, but you know sometimes they will tell us not to go out of the camp, or something. Yeah. That's how, but sometimes they let us, you know it's kind of difficult. If you don't have jobs, you need money, right? So you have to go out, but if like, they catch you, they just gonna take you away. Because, yeah. You are a refugee, so, yeah. WV: You were about 14 when you left, right? ST: Yeah, I was about 14. WV: So did you, I guess, what was the youngest age that people would work there in the camp? ST: Work, I think, maybe, I don't know, like 10? 12? I don't know, if you want to, you can, because there's no limit of age. WV: Ok. What kind of jobs are available for you know, 10 or 12 year old kids to do? ST: I, well, you know, just random jobs. Like, maybe, just going and like plant corn, maybe, yeah. When I was like, 12, like, they just go and like cut rice. Harvest. WV: Were the fields inside the camp? ST: No. Not inside. Like, just everything just outside of the camp. WV: Ok. ST: Because inside of the camp, just only going to be homes, adn then, yeah. WV: Oh, so they just had houses and things? Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Snay Tun May 19, 2015 7 ST: Yeah, house, school, and hospital. Yeah. Church, monastery. WV: So, like about how big was the camp? ST: How big? WV: Was it pretty small and kind of cramped together, or was it pretty spread out? ST: You know, some part is, like, homes are less sticking together. It depends on how you build them. Some people they wanna build homes that stick with each other, but some people have like a bit space. Small space between each home and another one. [10:45] WV: Um, so was the camp you lived in, was it one of the UN camps, or was it a Thai military camp? ST: It's a UN camp. WV: So is that how you found out about being able to come over here to the States was from the UN workers? ST: Well, I think, I'm not really know about that, because like my parents took care of that, so yeah. I think they might hear from their friends. WV: So when you first moved here to the US, how was it adjusting to living in Salt Lake? ST: Adjusting? Well, you know, first time when I get here, I don't really know, like live, or act. But, later I get used to it, after I go to school, and like, yeah. That's how. WV: So did you have, um, did you have help from the government, or any of the local community, as far as adjusting to living here? ST: Yeah, we do. Because, like when we moved here first, we received medicaid and stuff like that. WV: Was that through the government, or was that people in the community helping? ST: The government. WV: Okay. Um, so what about, um, living here up in Logan, how do you like it? ST: Well, I really like it, because I, well, in my sight, I see like homes, there's space between one and another, but when I live in Salt Lake City, I saw the apartments like kinda sticky. So I just Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Snay Tun May 19, 2015 8 used to living in home that, like, live like with space between other ones, so I like it better than Salt Lake. WV: Yeah, Salt Lake is- [LAUGHTER] pretty packed. ST: Yeah. Sticky traffic. [LAUGHTER] WV: Yeah, traffic is really really bad. ST: Heavy traffic. WV: Um, so how has it been, um, adjusting to being a college student for you? Because you said you were doing 8th grade when you first arrived in Salt Lake? ST: Yeah. WV: So how has going to college been for you? ST: Well, going to college, well, it's kinda hard to say. You know, but, because like you have to study a lot, so yeah. WV: So did you learn any English when you were over in Thailand, or did you start learning when you were arrived here? ST: When I live in Thailand, I used to learn abcs and stuff like that, I learn the alphabet later. So yeah, just, yeah, later. [LAUGHTER]. WV: Ok. So you knew a bit before you got here? ST: Yeah. WV: Um, so, how does your, like your home here in Logan, compare to your home in the camp? ST: Well, it's a lot better. Because there, um, you know, inside of the camp, so it's like, the home was made of wood and stuff like that. In here like you don't build with that. So yeah, but it's a different thing. There just only from one family stay inside here in an apartment. So, like, people stay, like stay away from one another. WV: So, I guess one of the things that, you know, that we're looking at, and sort of asking the people we've been meeting with is, is there anything that, you know, you feel, is important for you to be able to share with other people here in Cache Valley? You know, either about your Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Snay Tun May 19, 2015 9 experience, or your family, like is there anything that, if you could, um, that you would like to tell us? Does that make sense? ST: Mhm. Well, I think that living in the USA life, live under regulations and stuff. Then, it's good to be better for us if we follow them than if we didn't. Because we know that in the US everyone live under the rules, so we can get in trouble if we don't follow them. Yeah. [15:30 PAUSE FOR A FEW SECONDS] WV: So, as far as what you've been able to accomplish since you came here to the US, what things are you most proud of, that you've been able to do since you came here. ST: Well, um, I'm proud of like, I can speak better than I used to before. So, yeah. I'm proud of that, so I can like help my family and my brother who need my help later on. WV: So are you the one that, do you speak, um, are you only one in your family that speaks English? ST: Yeah. WV: Ok. So I guess one of the things that I'm just curious about is, what do you do for fun or in your spare time? ST: Well, in my spare time, I like to play Takraw, sometimes I read a book. WV: What was the first one? ST: Takraw. WV: What is that? ST: It's a game. Southeast Asian game. WV: Uh, could you tell us a bit about it? ST: Yeah, well, it was [clears throat] the ball is about this size big. It's like, well, you know, it's kinda hard when it's like not really new, it's kind of getting soft. So yeah, it's just like foot volleyball, you call it. You can only use your head, your knee, your side foot and front foot. But you can't use your hand. WV: So it's kind of like a cross between volleyball and soccer then? ST: Yeah. Volleyball. Like, yeah, volleyball and soccer, like just only three touch. WV: Ok. Um, so how, like, what are some of the rules to it, how does it work? Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Snay Tun May 19, 2015 10 ST: Three people in a team. Well, you can touch it only three times one side. So you can pass one, to you, and one to her, and then over the net. I can do this only three time and then put it into another side, like just over the net. Just like that. WV: So what exactly is the ball made of? I think I've seen maybe a picture or two, ST: Yeah, plastic. WV: Just plastic? ST: Hard plastic. WV: So how does it work with, you know, like scoring, how do you determine who wins? ST: Well, there's a score, so, like, if you score like, there's a line, just like a, yeah. A line. You have to hit inside of the lines. So, yeah, you get a score, or like put it- there's a lot of activity you can do, called roll spike, back kick, so yeah. WV: Um [LAUGHTER] I don't know anything about it... so you said roll spike? ST: Yeah. You flip and kick in the air. WV: Like, you flip through the air? ST: Yeah, you kick in the air. WV: Um, hmm. What kind of court is it played on? Is it cement, do you play in the sand or the grass or? ST: Well, you can play anywhere, maybe. Yeah, cement. On grass. But, you know, it depends on people, where they wanna play. So you can do that. [18:57] WV: Um, let's see. So does the net, is it like a volleyball net? ST: It's small. WV: In the one picture I saw, ST: Yeah, it's smaller. WV: OK. Just to keep the teams on opposite sides. ST: Yeah, because, you know, people kick the ball really hard. If you have about this size big, the ball can't go through it. The ball... Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Snay Tun May 19, 2015 11 WV: So are you supposed to go, sorry... So you said it's about, maybe, ST: The ball is about this big. WV: So the ball is maybe a small watermelon size, ST: Yeah. WV: and the net is, are you supposed to shoot through the net? ST: No, over. WV: Over. Okay. How high up does it sit? Like, where does the net hang? ST: Five feet and maybe, yeah. Five feet or five one or two. Or um, WV: Okay. So it is very [LAUGHTER] sorry, I just find it really interesting, I've just never heard about this before. So it is very difficult to kick up over the net, do you have out of bounds, can you kick outside of-? ST: well, you can, like, if you kick it out of the line, so it's out, so you won't receive a point. WV: Mhm. ST: So you're supposed to get the ball and kick it inside of the line. Where they tell you to kick, because three people in the team. Maybe one people serve it at the back, the other one's going to give another people ball, so the other one is going to spike it. Like, yeah. WV: So, about how big is the um, I guess, the court? ST: The court? Yeah, well, probably about this wide. Maybe a bit wider. WV: So maybe, fifteen feet across? Roughly? ST: I think so. But I don't really get it down. I would have to check it on the internet. WV: So do you just decide when you're playing, is there a regular point limit, does it go by time? ST: No, just like regular point limit. WV: Ok. So what do you usually, what's the score to win typically? ST: 15 point. WV: 50? Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Snay Tun May 19, 2015 12 ST: 15. WV: Oh, [LAUGHTER], 15. ST: Yeah. But it just, we do it kind of like international count. So, yeah, if I get the ball, I score it. I got one point. If I get the ball, but I didn't score it. The point goes back to 0-1. But like you get the ball. You might, play like that. WV: So you can lose points? ST: No, you cannot lose points. If I score yours right? WV: Mhm. ST: Right now, I've got the ball, so I score into yours, so I get one point. Next ball, I kick it, but I didn't score it, so the point goes back to 0-1. If you score, then you get 1-1 like me. If you score another one, you get 2-1. WV: Ok. Gotcha. [LAUGHTER]. ST: If I got the ball, so you score my point first- WV: Okay. I think I got it. So is that, is that just like from the Karen or Burma area, or is that common all over Southeast Asia? ST: Maybe not all over. Because they play all over. Not just Karen people. Thai. China. Japanese. Korean. Philippines, Malaysia. Indian. A lot. WV: Hmm. I've never heard of that before. What was that called again? ST: Takraw. WV: How do you spell that? ST: S-C-P-A-K WV: S-C ST: P-A-K. Space. T-A-K-R-A-W. WV: T-A-K-R-O what? ST: R-A-W. T-A-K-R-A-W. Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Snay Tun May 19, 2015 13 WV: Oh, it's two separate words? Gotcha. So, how often do you play then? Is it something that you- ST: Well, when we have the time and we're not busy. And it's on a sunny day to play one. WV: [LAUGHTER] So you haven' t been able to play recently then? With the rain. ST: not really. When it's cloudy or rainy, you don't really play, because its' kind of cold. Then like we're worried it's going to be slippery too, because you just use only your foot. So yeah, that's why. WV: So do you play indoors in the winter, or do you guys not play at all here? ST: We don't really have a space, so we don't really play indoors, so we don't play. WV: Okay. Um, so what's the uh, sorry, I just looked up at your flag, and I see that you have these little pictures pinned to it, what are those? ST: No, that's- [LAUGHTER], we just pin that up. WV: So there's nothing to it. ST: No, nothing. Just only, we just, yeah... the flag. WV: So I'm kind of curious, because again, I've seen a couple of these, what exactly does the flag, or the marks and colors on the flag mean? ST: Um, well, you mean the mark? There is nine like, nine. Is that what you mean? WV: Well yeah, the lines, the stripes, and then the- ST: There is nine mark right. It means like nine place. WV: What does that symbolize? ST: Nine place. Like, nine place. WV: So just nine different places? ST: Yeah. Nine different places. WV: What exactly is that referring to? Like is it nine specific places, or? ST: Yeah, nine different places. So, but I don't really know. My parents just told me about it. Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Snay Tun May 19, 2015 14 WV: Ok. ST: So like, we learn about it from school. Nine different places. Or, maybe [LAUGHTER], I don't know. WV: And what's the, I think that's a drum? The yellow thing in the center? ST: Yeah, it's kinda maybe drum? Yeah. WV: Does it, have any specific kind of drum or is it-? ST: Yeah, specific kind of drum, like for Karen people. WV: Where is it used? ST: Used? Like, in it have, like many different kinds of it. Because like, there is not just only one. It has different specific names. So yeah. WV: So there's like different types of drums, then? ST: Yeah. WV: Are they all called the same thing, and there's just different shapes and sizes? ST: Different shapes and size. [25:55] WV: So what kind of, I mean, you know events or things are those drums used for? ST: You know, some people, they're gonna hit it while they announce things, or yeah. Sometimes, they gonna hit it, like, you know, depends on what situation they got. Like, maybe on the solar they're gonna hit one. So like there's a different drums on the solar, lunar or solar, or something like that. Maybe on a, maybe fast, or celebration they're going to hit, like a different one. It's not the same one. There's, like, many kinds that are different. WV: Okay. Um, what are those drums called? Do you know? ST: I just know in my language. [LAUGHTER]. WV: Okay, you don't have a translation for it? ST: No, no. WV: Um, so besides, so you have, Karen New Year is in December, is that right? Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Snay Tun May 19, 2015 15 ST: January. WV: Oh, January. ST: January first. WV: So what other, uh, do the Karen people have any other specific holidays? ST: Maybe, Independence Day. Independence, yeah. WV: When is that? ST: August 12th. WV: OH, that's my birthday. ST: [LAUGHTER] Really? WV: Yeah. [LAUGHTER]. So that's Karen Independence Day? ST: Uh-huh. I think it was the revolution day instead. Revolution. WV: Okay. So is that, is that what started the conflict with Burma? ST: Uh, yeah. That is. No, it's like the president, like, dead day. Like, they go to a congress, along the congress, like rest, they got killed. So, like they mark it as the revolution day. WV: So one of the things that I don't know too much about, maybe you could tell me, is, what exactly started the conflict between Burma and Karen? ST: Well, at first, like, after maybe British leave, but they left the land, so they thought like, maybe Burma, like, so, like, they can just discuss to each other, like if their land goes to like everyone, or something. But after the Karen go and declare, their like land, from Burma, they didn't ask for it. But Burma's like, uh, told them, I don't really know what to call it now. They didn't give the lands to like, so like, they have to fight. So, yeah. WV: So, Burma didn't honor the deal that was made, is that it? ST: Kind of like that. If we call it Burma, it's not right, because there's a lot of nations that is Burma, who's not soldier, you know? So yeah, there's a specific name for the soldier that we are fighting with. WV: Okay, so you guys make a distinction between regular Burmese people and the Burmese military? ST: Yeah, so if we call Burmese like, that's almost everyone who lives in Burma. So, yeah. Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Snay Tun May 19, 2015 16 WV: Um, what, term do you use to distinguish the two? ST: Well, uh, one I don't really what to call it. MSPDC, I don't really know what to call it. In our own language, or Burmese language, we call it like another one. WV: So you just have a separate term for the military? ST: Mhm. WV: So how big is Karen as a state? ST: Uh, I don't really know, but I use to learn it, but I already forgot. [LAUGHTER]. ST: Like several, eight nations inside of Burma, each nation go to separate one states, so like, you know, we have this big, each one takes a small one. Small one just is a small one after. WV: So is it organized sort of like the United States the country, but Utah is a state. Is it the same kind of thing? ST: Yeah, it's just like another state, but in here, but just everyone is like the same. Like same nation, same- you know like, but this place is different. Different nations that are separated from another one. So, like, everyone have their own state. They speak different language. Just not the same. The Karen are, but Burmese is just the dominant language in Burma. Everyone speaks it. WV: So do most people speak multiple languages there/ So does everyone learn Burmese, but you might learn Karen as well? ST: Burmese is the most dominant language. Because we call it Burma, so, like everyone is just supposed to know Burmese. WV: So how many languages do you speak? ST: Two or three. Three maybe? Yeah. WV: So what are the three? ST: Just my own language. And then English, and then, yeah, Thai. WV: Okay. And did you pick up Thai in the camp? When you were growing up? ST: Yeah. [31:39 BRIEF PAUSE] Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Snay Tun May 19, 2015 17 WV: Um, so, if things in Burma were, you know, not as chaotic, would you wanna move back, or do you like living here in the United States? [Faucet in the kitchen is turned on] ST: Probably maybe just, stay here for a while. And but I'm not sure about going back. Probably some time I might go back. WV: Would you go back to visit, or would you go back to live? ST: Just for a visit. WV: So you said that you had a sister who is still in Thailand, is that right? ST: Mhm. Sister and brothers. WV: So did they grow up in the camp, too, and just not leave? Or- ST: Uh, yeah. Because they already have wife and husband, so they just stayed there with their husband and wife. WV: Oh, so they just stayed with their own families. ST: Mhm. WV: Okay. [32:43 BRIEF PAUSE] WV: Trying to think. So is there anything else that, I mean, you, maybe that I haven't asked you, that you'd like to talk about or, ST: Uh, well, probably. [LAUGHTER]. Not. I, can't think of anything. WV: I guess, when, so Chit Moe contacted you about meeting with us, right? ST: Yes. WV: So what, I guess was your initial interest in talking to us? ST: Talking to us? Well, like... [PAUSE]. So, just like, if we talk about ourselves. If you come visit, if you're new, and you talk about our nation, or you question us so you know about part of it, so yeah. WV: Ok. Um, okay, I think that's most of the questions that I have, do Meagan or Bethany have any questions? Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Snay Tun May 19, 2015 18 BH: I, I have some questions. ST: Okay, sure. BH: Um, so, back- back to the game that you were talking about, it just sounds really interesting. Takraw, right? ST: Yeah, Takraw. BH: Uh, is that a game that you learned in the refugee camp? ST: Yeah, we learn it since we were little. We used to play. We just tried to play random things. BH: Okay, so you played that quite a bit there? ST: Just tried to kick around. BH: Um, are there other games that you would play in the camps? ST: Uh, soccer as well. BH: Just those two pretty much? ST: Mhm. BH: and was that because, you were there, as a young a pretty young child, right? ST: Yeah. BH: So- oh, sorry. ST: Go ahead. BH: So, is it kind of most of what you would do in the day, or did you have other responsibilities? ST: Well, because we're students, so we're supposed to read, but I was lazy to read. So, yeah. Sometimes, after we read, we just kinda go and just maybe watch movies. Except for when we had free time we just go out and shoot birds. Well, we never found, or when we never found them we just kind of go like that. When we have a friend we played soccer. BH: Okay. So it's cool that you kinda had different activities. ST: Mhm. Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Snay Tun May 19, 2015 19 BH: Different things that you could do by yourself and things that you could do with other people. ST: Yep. BH: And, um, I... I actually, I'm curious about this- ST: Oh, that's a calendar. BH: A calendar? ST: Yeah. BH: Is that from Burma? ST: Yeah, I think that's form Burma, or- BH: Is that Burmese written on there? Burmese or Karen? ST: It's Karen. It's,yeah, it's Karen. BH: Cool. Is that, I guess, is the calendar system the same? ST: Yeah, the same, but, you know, we have like New Years, and like, you know, sometimes we kind of like there's some another month, there are differences from USA calendars. So yeah, that's how we do it. Sometimes we compare. Sometimes which one... [LAUGHTER]. BH: Okay. I guess, I'm not really close enough to like, look at the, the material, but. ST: You can go and look BH: I can go and look? ST: Yeah, yeah. BH: Because it looks, um, okay. So it's like ST: There is- there is an English, I think. BH: Oh, there is? ST: Yeah, I think so. BH: Cool. So it, I mean, it looks like, uh, I was thinking maybe it was something kind of like your carpet here, that was, uh, or the rugs that was maybe liked stitched together, but it looks like something that's printed off. Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Snay Tun May 19, 2015 20 ST: Yeah, that one is printed off. BH: Okay. Cool. I might have had another question, do you have any questions? [To Meagan] MG: So you said you were going to church. ST: Yeah. MG: What religion are you? ST: Christian. MG: Okay. WV: So it just like a general Christian church that you go to? ST: Yeah, just like that. WV: Okay. BH: I just thought of another. [LAUGHTER]. ST: Sure. BH: So I'm looking, I'm trying to look at different pictures. And so I see up here there are these two photographs, are either of these, are you in these? ST: Yeah, I'm in the small one. My brother is in the other one. BH: In this one? ST: Uh-huh. When I came to Logan. BH: Yeah? SO these pictures are from when you first got here? ST: Bear Lake. BH: Oh, Bear Lake? ST: Mhm. BH: Cool, I was just curious about those. Is there, and this is just a curiosity, but is there anything about Burma, or Karen that you, uh, that you kinda miss? Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Snay Tun May 19, 2015 21 ST: Well, a thing I miss? I don't really know about what I miss, but you know, a good thing that I miss, because in Thailand there's a war, that we didn't get to face it. So yeah, good thing for us, so we didn't have to flee. Yeah, but, if you ask the elder people who used to live, like sixty or seventy years, if you ask them, they will you about the stories of like having to flee from Burma. Or like the army, yeah. If it like getting dark, they have to pack up things, and call up their family and start leaving. Yeah. WV: So your family was able to avoid most of that, then? ST: Well, I don't really choose to ask my parents about that. WV: Mhm. [38:56] WV: You don't really remember having to deal with any of that. ST: No, I didn't have to, because I was just born in the camp. And we couldn't really go anywhere, so, I didn't know like, what happened later. I know that we're like still a kid when it happened, so I didn't really know about anything. WV: Do you guys have any other questions, or- [PAUSE] So, I mean, I guess we're just about done, then. Is there anything else that you, maybe, again, that we haven't asked? That you'd still like to talk about? ST: Probably not. [LAUGHTER]. I don't really know how to ask questions. WV: I guess, maybe, okay, final question. How exactly are these made? These rugs? I've seen a lot of them. ST: Yeah, just like a carpet for us. Where we lived, we used to cover our floor with this. WV: Mhm. ST: Like, if you cover your floor with this, and it gets dirty, it doesn't like, get on the carpet. So you can clean it easily. WV: Right. ST: Yeah, so yeah. It's made with plastic, I think. I'm not really sure. WV: I was going to say, because are these from- did you bring these from Burma, or did you get them here? ST: Just get them here in a convenience store. Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Snay Tun May 19, 2015 22 WV: So these would normally be, made out of this kind of plastic material then, or are these usually like uh, cloth or something that these are usually made out of? ST: Probably, I am not sure about them being cloth. WV: Or, cloth... what else do you make rugs out of? [LAUGHTER]. I clearly don't know much about rugs. Um, yeah. That's just about all the questions that I've got. So thanks again for being willing to meet with us. And I think we're good. ST: So you wanna see the game? I'll show you the games. WV: Sure. ST: Yeah? [Movement. End of recording.] Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Audio Recording of Oral History application/pdf 98115 Bytes Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/p16944coll14/id/89 Language A language of the resource ENG Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Digitized by : Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library Relation A related resource Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project An inventory for this collection can be found at : http://nwda.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv67617 Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project Digital Collection Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Special Collections and Archives, phone (435) 797-2663; Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project, FOLK COLL 67 Subject The topic of the resource Karen; Refugees; Karen Refugees; Religion; Sports; Takraw; Cache Valley; Cache Valley Refugees; College; School; Utah State; Utah State University; Burma; Thailand; Refugee Camps Title A name given to the resource Interview transcript with Snay Tun on May 19, 2016 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text; Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/feaadf363d54f9934b38ba291d98ac8d.pdf 746d17e7225aedcc9d951f6c1117ff2e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project Description An account of the resource Cache Valley, Utah is the home of Burmese Muslim, Karen, and Eritrean refugees. Documenting and preserving their stories is an important goal of Utah State University&rsquo;s Fife Folklore Archives (FFA). In May 2015, USU&rsquo;s FFA and Folklore Program, with help from the Karen community, hosted a Library of Congress Field School for Cultural Documentation: &ldquo;Voices: Refugees in Cache Valley.&rdquo; Field school students worked to document Cache Valley&rsquo;s recent refugee communities. This collection, <a href="http://nwda.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv67608">Folk Coll 58: Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project</a>, houses the physical recordings and associated materials of the interviews which took place during this field school.<br /><br />You can see the original collection at:&nbsp;<a href="http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/p16944coll14">http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/p16944coll14</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Hanks, Bethany, 1989 Hanks, Bethany, 1989 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Burma (Karen State); Thailand (Mela Camp); Salt Lake City (Utah); Logan (Utah); Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Pyo Nwe, 1978 Gill, Meagan Chit Moe Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2015-05-18 Description An account of the resource Pyo Nwe explained what her life was like in a Karen refugee camp. She details her experiences living in the camp, which include getting married and having children. She also explains the difficulties that she and her family faced (and still face) after coming to the United States. Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Pyo Nwe Page 1 CACHE VALLEY REFUGEE ORAL HISTORY PROJECT TRANSCRIPTION COVER SHEET Interviewee: Pyo Nwe Present: Pyo Nwe, Bethany Hanks, Chit Moe, Wes Van de Water, Meagan Gill Place of Interview: Pyo Nwe’s home in Logan, Utah Date of Interview: May 18, 2015 Language(s): Karen; English Translation: Interviewer: Bethany Hanks Interpreter: Chit Moe Recordist: Wes Van de Water Photographer: Meagan Gill Recording Equipment: Tascam DR-100mk11 linear PCM recorder; Senal ENG- 18RL broadcast-quality omnidirectional dynamic microphone Transcription Equipment: Express Scribe Transcribed by: Bethany Hanks, May 24, 2015 Transcript Proofed by: Bethany Hanks, May 25, 2015 Brief Description of Contents: Pyo Nwe describes her life in a Karen refugee camp before she came to the United States. She explains what brought her to the Karen refugee camp and what it was like living there, getting married there, and having children there. She also describes the changes and difficulties that she and her family faced (and still face) when they left the refugee camp and came to the United States. Reference: BH = Bethany Hanks BHI = Bethany Hanks interpreted by translator PN = Pyo Nwe PNI = Pyo Nwe interpreted by translator WV = Wes Van de Water WVI = Wes Van de Water interpreted by translator Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Pyo Nwe Page 2 NOTE: Interjections during pauses or transitions in dialogue such as “uh” and false starts and stops in conversations are not included in transcribed. All additions to transcript are noted with brackets. TAPE TRANSCRIPTION [00:01] BH: Okay, today is May 18, 2015. And this is Bethany Hanks with Wes Van de Water on audio and Meagan Gill taking photographs. We’re all students at Utah State University and are working on a project called “Voices: Refugees in Cache Valley.” Right now we’re visiting Pyo Nwe at her home in Logan, Utah. And her little son is with us, who is 8 months old, and Chit Moe is translating. So, first we want to thank you Pyo Nwe for letting us come and speak with you. So first, um, can I have you say your full name and birth year? PN: Pyo Nwe Nwe BH: Pyo Nwe Nwe? PN: January 1st, 1978. BH: Thank you. PNI: Date of birth, January 1st, 1978. BH: Okay, thank you. And what languages do you speak? BHI: [repeating question in Karen] PN: [laughs] [responding in Karen] PNI: I speak Karen and Burmese. BH: Thank you. Can you tell me a little about your family? Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Pyo Nwe Page 3 BHI: [repeating question in Karen] PN: [responding in Karen] PNI: In Utah, or? BH: Um, if you can talk about maybe your family here in Utah and also if you have family over in Karen too? BHI: [repeating question in Karen] PN: [responding in Karen] [2:07] [Baby breathing loudly] PNI: Um, my family, we all lived in refugee camps and then we all moved to Utah, which is, we were in Salt Lake and we came in March 3rd, 2008. [2:25] [Baby makes noises] PN: [responding in Karen] PNI: We lived there for one year in Salt Lake City, and we moved here in 2009, and we’ve been here ever since. BH: He likes the microphone, doesn’t he? [laughs] So the refugee camp where you were at – where was that exactly? BHI: [repeating question in Karen] PN: [responding in Karen] PNI: It is called Mela Camp. Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Pyo Nwe Page 4 BH: Mela Camp? And do you have any idea where the location of that is in Thailand? BHI: [repeating question in Karen] PN: [responding in Karen] PNI: We didn’t know. It is close to the border, and I know that it’s in Thailand, but I don’t know whether it’s the south or which states or province it’s in. We just know that it’s a refugee camp. BH: Okay, and did you say how long you were there for? BHI: [repeating question in Karen] PN: 1997 to 2008. PNI: From 1997 to 2008. BH: Wow, so then did you grow up quite a lot in this refugee camp? BHI: Like, did she grow up in refugee camp? BH: Yeah, like there as a young child and maybe as a teenager. PN: Yeah, teenager. BH: Yeah? PN: [responding in Karen] PNI: Yes, I was sixteen years old back then. BH: Okay. What was it like for you, being there as a young person in the refugee camp? BHI: [repeating question in Karen] PN: [responding in Karen] Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Pyo Nwe Page 5 PNI: Well, at first I lived in Burma. I was poor – my family was poor, and from what I heard, refugee is a better place than Burma. At refugee camp they have school, and their schooling is free. So I decided to go to refugee camp for education purposes. BH: Okay, so what kinds of education did they offer in the refugee camp? BHI: [repeating question in Karen] PN: [responding in Karen] PNI: Well, the education in the refugee camp was – it’s not so great like in America, but it’s better than Burma though. [5:59] [Baby breathes loudly] BH: Okay, what kinds of things did you learn in the refugee camp? BHI: [repeating question in Karen] PN: [responding in Karen] PNI: I don’t know if I learned much in the refugee camp because at first, coming to a refugee camp was to study— [Baby makes noises] —but then, things changes, you know. Different circumstances occurred, and it just changes. PN: [responding in Karen] PNI: And I didn’t get to learn. PN: [responding in Karen] [Baby makes noises] Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Pyo Nwe Page 6 PNI: However, I did help out the school and the teachers with a few things; just helping out for a few years. BH: Okay. Did you have any brothers or sisters with you, or your parents? PN: Yeah, [responding in Karen] PNI: I have three brothers, I mean – PN: Three sisters. PNI: – three sisters. One is in Thailand and the other is in Burma, in Karen State. BH: Okay, we’ll get him some toys huh; let him play. [laughs] So are your siblings, are they still, you said in Thailand and Burma? Are they still over there? Yeah? So, they weren’t in the refugee camp with you? Or – BHI: [repeating question in Karen] PN: [responding in Karen] [8:47] PNI: No, they didn’t live with me in the refugee camp, but my older sister (the one that’s in Thailand) she has a daughter who has a disease, and in order to cure the disease, there isn’t a hospital in the refugee camp. There is, but it’s not very big. So, they had to go to Thailand to work over there and to get her daughter the cure. BH: Do you remember much about your life before being in the refugee camp? BHI: [repeating question in Karen] PN: [responding in Karen] PNI: Yeah, a lot. BH: Yeah? What kinds of things do you remember? BHI: [repeating question in Karen] Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Pyo Nwe Page 7 PN: [responding in Karen] PNI: Well, I remember lots of things, but which one are you wanting to know more about? BH: Yeah, let’s see, I guess things about your family – maybe your daily, kind of what life would have been like for you on just a regular day? Or maybe like the sort of the political situation, if it was dangerous at all. BHI: [repeating question in Karen] PN: [responding in Karen] PNI: [speaking in Karen] PN: [responding in Karen] [11:53] PNI: Well, I do remember like from 1989 or 1990, well – not before 1990. I think I was about 9 or 10 years old back then. We had, like I said, three sisters, and I lived with my parents. Well, my biggest goal was to go to school you know, to have a better school for me. Back then it was really difficult because the Burmese military were coming and forcing people to become porters, and my dad was one of them. After he has gone to do the porter thing, and then he lost his leg, like during the war, and he couldn’t work any more after that. It was a really challenging for my family. After a few months or a few days (I can’t remember) my older sister, she kind of left us and she went to Thailand. BH: Wow, thank you. So was education, then, I know you said – you mentioned education earlier, and you wanted to get a better education. Were there other reasons for relocating to the refugee camp? BHI: [repeating question in Karen] PN: [responding in Karen] PNI: Yes, I wanted to go to school like really bad back then. In my village, my family was the poorest out of everybody, and then in order to go to school there we had Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Pyo Nwe Page 8 to have like a good umbrella, good shoes, good clothes – and my parents, they couldn’t afford to buy any of that. And I kind of felt embarrassed, I mean, to go to school there, so I though it’d be better to go to school in a refugee camp where everything is free, you know. But then when I got to the refugee camp, I got married – so I didn’t really get to go to school. BH: So you met your husband, then, in the refugee camp? What was that like? Was that a good place, I guess, to meet lots of people? PN: [responding in Karen] [15:33] PNI: I think it’s a good place to meet with lots of people, but back then I was kind of young. I was still young, and I had lots of thoughts: there isn’t anyone to support me; my family isn’t here either. [Baby makes spitting noise] I guess that’s how I though about getting married you know – to find my companion who, we can maybe support each other now. It’s just the thought that came by. BH: Very neat. So, your husband in here with you now? Did you all come over, did you leave the refugee camp together? Yeah? BHI: [repeating question in Karen] PN: Yes. BH: How difficult was it to, I guess, go through the process of coming to another country? Was that difficult or was it fairly easy? BHI: [repeating question in Karen] PN: [responding in Karen] PNI: Well, in Burma, it’s difficult there. [Baby rattles toy and breathes loudly for a few seconds] Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Pyo Nwe Page 9 In Thailand it’s the same thing. And here it’s still difficult. BH: Yeah? PNI: I don’t think that’s answering your question. Everywhere is difficult. BH: Uh-huh. So, I guess, another way to ask would be is it difficult to gain entry as a refugee into the United States? BHI: [repeating question in Karen] [phone buzzes] PN: [responding in Karen] [Baby coughs] PN: Sorry. BH: Oh, that’s okay. [17:58] [Pyo Nwe moves play set nearby] Children like to be active, I know. I have nieces and nephews, and they’re, yeah. BHI: [repeating question in Karen] PN: [responding in Karen] PNI: I think it’s a fairly easy process to get to United States, you know, compared to people who came here with visa or other things. Because we were refugees, then it was easier. PN: [responding in Karen] PNI: To get here, we received lots of help, you know. People helped us step by step to get here. Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Pyo Nwe Page 10 BH: Okay, thank you. So in the refugee camps, did they celebrate any holidays or have any special religious days? BHI: [repeating question in Karen] PN: [responding in Karen] PNI: Yeah, there are. BH: Yeah, like, can you give us an example of one of those special holidays and maybe how it was celebrated? BHI: [repeating question in Karen] PN: [responding in Karen] [19:49] PNI: The biggest thing would be, we have Karen New Year, and we have Burmese New Year. For Karen New Year, in the beginning we had like a – I would say like camp leaders, lots of leaders, you know. They will go up on the stage and just give speeches. BH: Wow. PN: [responding in Karen] PNI: Yeah, Karen has it’s own culture, and Burmese has its own culture. BH: So, what’s the main difference, I guess, between Karen New Year and Burmese New Year? BHI: [repeating question in Karen] PN: [responding in Karen] PNI: Because I’m not as – I guess, I don’t have a good experience, like such leaders, but what I can tell is that for Burmese New Year, they celebrate it on April. For Karen, they do it on December. Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Pyo Nwe Page 11 BH: Okay, so it’s mainly the time then. [Baby coughs] Wow. Thank you. [baby makes noises] So, when you were in the refugee camp, did you get any idea of what the people in Thailand thought of the refugees in the camps? BHI: [repeating question in Karen] [Baby coughs] PN: [responding in Karen] PNI: Well, I don’t know about other people, but for me, you know, I was really scared of the Thai military. Thai, yeah. Because back then if we had, say we have a meeting, say don’t go out of the camp today, then I will never go out of the camp because if the Thai military captures you, they will send you somewhere else. Another example is my husband who worked outside the camp – [Baby coughs] He was chased by Thai military lots of times, but fortunately he escaped every single time he was chased. PN: [responding in Karen] PNI: What makes me more scared is that when I went back to Thailand one day, I saw the Burmese military. They were taking people, you know. They were taking people to – I don’t know where they were taking them, but they were capturing people, so it makes me more scared. BH: Wow. PN: [responding in Karen] Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Pyo Nwe Page 12 PNI: Yeah, for me, it was really scary, but I don’t know about other people. BH: So, is that something that happens a lot – that maybe refugees leave the camp, they sneak out or something, and then they’re captured by Thai military and taken somewhere else? BHI: [repeating question in Karen] PN: [responding in Karen] [24:44] PNI: Yeah, I think it – [Baby bonks head] Ooh. BH: Oh no, is he okay? [Baby cries] PN: Oh. BH: Is he okay? [Baby cries] Head bonk. [baby cries] PN: Sorry. BH: Oh, that’s okay. PNI: He wants to sleep now. He’s feeling sleepy. Well, I don’t know about now, but back fourteen years ago, I would say it happened a lot because I have seen it myself. I lived close to the Thai military gate, I guess, their area, I kind of lived close to where they lived, and what I saw was there was this – Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Pyo Nwe Page 13 [phone makes noise] – there was this woman, I would say [phone makes noise] PN: [laughs] PNI: Sorry. BH: That’s okay PNI: Okay, what happened was this Thai military guy – he went out, he found a woman, he took her to the camp, not to the camp but to their place, and I lived really close to it. And they were doing some horrible things to her, I think. I heard the noise and everything, but I couldn’t help. I was so scared. So, I think it happened a lot. PN: [responding in Karen] PNI: Well, at the same time, not all the Thai military are bad. Some are really good people as well. I remember when I was pregnant, I saw Thai military who was actually helping me with stuff, you know. He bought me food, so that was really nice. BH: Did you had some children while you were in the refugee camp. PN: Four. [laughs] BH: Four? PNI: She has four. BH: So, four. So, this one with you, he is number four? PN: Five. Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Pyo Nwe Page 14 BH: Number five, okay. Was that difficult? Either medically—I mean, did they have, um, places where you know, there was a doctor around to help you give birth? And then you know, raising the children in the refugee camp? BHI: [repeating question in Karen] PN: [responding in Karen] PNI: Yeah, there were hospitals in the refugee camps. If I were pregnant – if I were close to giving birth, I could go to hospital and give birth there. But what’s sad is that, like, my sister or people who lived in Burma, they, there was no way they could afford to go to the hospital in Burma, so it was kind of sad. BH: Yeah. PN: [responding in Karen] PNI: I think, personally for me, I had a better life than my sisters had. [28:30] BH: How different is it now, raising a child here in America compared with in the refugee camp? BHI: [repeating question in Karen] PN: [responding in Karen] PNI: Well, before – [Baby touches microphone] – in the refugee camp, yeah, it was different raising a child compared to here and in the refugee camp. Back there, I had four kids, my husband would go out and work, and if he finds a job then he will bring us some money so we can buy good food, good meal. But here, it’s like, he has a job, and it’s better than the refugee camp, but here we have a different situation I guess. I’ve been here for seven years, and I wanted to go to school, but because of a bad situation I just can’t go to school here. Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Pyo Nwe Page 15 BH: Is there anything that would help you be able to go to school here in the United States? PN: [responding in Karen] [baby cries] PNI: [speaking in Karen] PN: [responds in Karen] PNI: Well, before I was pregnant here in United States, I had a teacher, you know. She would come and visit me and teach me English. So that was really nice, but she moved to Colorado long ago. But now, I don’t expect to go to high school or middle school. It’s not something I can handle; I know that very well. But I would like a teacher who could come and teach me, because now that my children are growing up, I have time to study; learn more English. PN: [speaking in Karen] [laughs] BH: He’s cute. So I wanted to ask, although it sounds like you may have answered my question already, but given the chance to go to school, what would you study? Although it sounds like English is something that you would really like to learn, but is there anything else? BHI: [repeating question in Karen] PN: [responding in Karen] [33:06] PNI: Well no. English is the main thing that I want to learn. However, I do want to learn a lot of English so I can communicate on a daily basis. Let’s say if someone were to ask me a question, so that I know the answer to that question, or I understand that question so I can answer it. BH: Mm-hmm. Yeah, so do you think learning English would make living in America easier for you? Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Pyo Nwe Page 16 BHI: [repeating question in Karen] PN: [responding in Karen] PNI: Well, yeah, I think if I could understand a lot, but not a hundred percent, then I guess it would help a lot, you know. Though it’s not a hundred percent, it would help a lot. BH: Yeah. PN: [responding in Karen] PNI: And at the same time, my brain is not as good as American people, so it’s not like I can really learn English. It’s not like I can learn English like a hundred percent, does that make sense? [Baby cries] BH: I think if I understand what she’s meaning, you can translate it back and make sure I’ve got this right, but, it’s difficult once you’re an adult and you’ve already learned— PNI: Mmm, yeah. BH: one language— PN: Yeah. BH: it’s harder to learn another. BHI: [repeating question in Karen] PN: [responding in Karen] PNI: Yeah. BH: Because I think the situation would be – if we were to go to Karen, I think we would be in a similar situation. Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Pyo Nwe Page 17 PN: [responding in Karen] PNI: Yeah, when I had a teacher, you know the one that moved to Colorado, back then, I think I understood English, a lot, I guess. I understood English more than what I understand now. Right now, I think I forgot lots of it, yeah. PN: [laughs] BH: Yeah. So, your first few months after leaving the refugee camp, you came to America. What was that like for you and your family? BHI: [repeating question in Karen] PN: [responding in Karen] PNI: Yeah, I think it was kind of a little bit challenging. When me and my family first came to America, there weren’t a lot of Karen people, and we really didn’t know a lot about America I guess. Well, at first, people were giving us those apple juice – we thought it was oil, so we didn’t want to touch it. And then when they gave us lotion, we didn’t know what it is, so we use it for our face because it smells nice, right? If we wanted to say something, there weren’t any interpreters back then. And if we wanted to go buy groceries, we didn’t even know where to go. BH: Wow. So, what did you end up doing when you needed to buy groceries? Did you end up – was there someone around who was also from Karen who helped? PN: [responding in Karen] [37:36] PNI: Yeah, it wasn’t Karen people that helped my family. There weren’t many Karen people like I said. It was people from the church. They pretty much helped us with everything, I guess. Taking us to the hospital, you know, taking us to go shopping, buying us stuff – yeah, from the church. PN: [responding in Karen] PNI: Oh, yeah, what I remember is that my oldest daughter – she had like a tooth pain back here, the upper one, back here. We went to hospital, you know, and the Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Pyo Nwe Page 18 doctor looked at it, but the doctor took one tooth out, but it was the one at the bottom. BH: Oh no. PNI: But that one had cavities so it was okay, but the one that hurts was the one on top. BH: So, it was on the top left? PNI: Yeah, top. BH: And he took out the bottom left. PNI: The bottom left. BH: Okay. PN: [laughs] [speaking in Karen] PNI: I had to take my daughter to the hospital again to take the other one out, the upper left one. BH: How did you communicate that with the dentist, or the man who was working on her mouth? PN: [responding in Karen] PNI: We were just using, I guess, sign language – kind of this, that. But we had people from the church, like one person who took us to the dentist, but back then there was no interpreters, so we can’t tell him what was going on. We just tried to show him this and that. BH: Yeah, with your hands? PNI: Yeah, all without sound. PN: [responding in Karen] Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Pyo Nwe Page 19 PNI: I didn’t know it either, that she had a tooth that was hurt, but my daughter just told me that it hurts. But thought the doctor already took, it was the one on the bottom already, but it still hurts. BH: So, this church that you mention that helped you? Is this the church that you, or the religion that you take part of? BHI: [repeating question in Karen] PN: [responding in Karen] [40:37] PNI: It’s not my religion, that church, but they have a lot of people, you know. It doesn’t matter whether you’re that – whether you come from that religion or not. And they help a lot of Burmese and Karen refugees. PN: [responding in Karen] PNI: Yeah, everybody who’s a refugee doesn’t know anything. So they help with everybody I guess. [Phone starts ringing] BH: Is that you’re phone—no? PN: [speaking in Karen] PNI: It’s a broken phone. BH: Oh. [laughs] PN: [speaking in Karen] BH: Oh, okay. PNI: It plays it every morning. Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Pyo Nwe Page 20 BH: Okay. [laughs] BH: So, do you remember what the name of that church was? BHI: [repeating question in Karen] PN: [responding in Karen] PNI: No, but it’s in Salt Lake. It’s the LDS church. BH: Okay. [Baby makes noises] PN: [responding in Karen] PNI: It’s around 300 East. BH: Okay, in Salt Lake City? PNI: Yeah, in Salt Lake City. BH: Okay. PN: [responding in Karen] PNI: I think until today, they’re still helping people who are other refugees. BH: Okay. Let me see. [baby makes noises] BH: So, you mentioned that here in Logan, your husband has a job? What work does he do? BHI: [repeating question in Karen] PN: [responding in Karen] Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Pyo Nwe Page 21 PNI: He works at JBS. He cuts meat. That’s what he does – JBS, yeah. BH: Okay. And I think—so you mentioned in the refugee camps, your husband would have to leave the camp to work? Was there like a specific job that he had? Or was he leaving the camp to find a job? BHI: [repeating question in Karen] PN: [responding in Karen] PNI: Yeah, he had to look for work, you know, in the refugee camp – outside of refugee camp, I mean. BH: Wow. PN: [responding in Karen] [Baby shakes toy] [43:38] PNI: Yeah, it just really depends on the day. So, one day you find a job, then you get paid. One day, if you can’t find a job, then you don’t get paid. BH: So what kinds of jobs could be found in that way? What sorts of work could he find? BHI: [repeating question in Karen] PN: [responding in Karen] PNI: Well, if it’s around May, then he would work as a, like in a cornfield, where he has some kind of corn. BH: Kind of seasonal— PN: Yes PNI: Yes, depends on – Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Pyo Nwe Page 22 BH: Whatever was available? Those kinds of things. PNI: Yeah. BH: Okay. Let’s see. Is there anything that you wish that the people of Logan knew about you or your family? Or kind of your culture in general? BHI: [repeating question in Karen] PN: [responding in Karen] PNI: Well, I guess I don’t know, you know because, my family we’re from refugees, you know, and we didn’t know about America a lot. And today we still don’t know a lot about Americans I guess. We just kind of need help, you know. That’s basically what she just said. BH: Okay, so it’d be good if we could all find a way maybe to learn more about each other, yeah? BHI: [repeating question in Karen] PN: [responding in Karen] PNI: Yeah, sometimes, I don’t know, if we’re in trouble or something – we just don’t know what to do. We just kind of need a guide, I guess. PN: [responding in Karen] [47:17] PNI: Yeah, we’re just kind of a little scared and don’t understand a lot here, so it would be nice just to get help. BH: Okay, I think I have – I have one more question. Do you think you will ever go back to Burma, to Karen State? BHI: [repeating question in Karen] PN: [responding in Karen] Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Pyo Nwe Page 23 PNI: Yeah, I guess I would want to go back and visit Burma, but I’m not a hundred percent sure if I want to go back and live there permanently, you know. Yeah, I just don’t have any plans yet for that. PN: [responding in Karen] PNI: At the same time, I’m not a hundred percent sure if I want to live in the United States forever either. So yeah, I’m just not planning yet. BH: Mm-hmm. PN: [responding in Karen] PNI: And the other reason for me to be staying here is for my children. They have a better education here. BH: I guess just one question going off of that – do you think you would ever want your son here, who was born in America, do you think you would want him to see the land where you came from and know that people and that language? BHI: [repeating question in Karen] PN: [responding in Karen] PNI: Yeah, like I said, I grew up as a refugee, and I wanted to go back to school but I couldn’t. But now I’m here in United States. I want to give my children the opportunity to go to school here, graduate, you know – have a better education here. After then, I would like them to go back to Burma and help out other people you know, to tell them what they learned; to give back to the people in Burma. PN: [responding in Karen] PNI: For me, I want to help my people you know, but I can’t. I know I can’t. But for my children, yeah, sure they can one day. BH: Well thank you. I think that’s all of my questions, but I want to see if either Wes or Meagan – if they have any questions they’d like to ask, if that’s okay? PN: Okay, I have a lot of time. Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Pyo Nwe Page 24 BH: See, your English is good! [51:19] WV: I guess I was kind of curious, if you’re not LDS – and I notice you have a picture of the Logan temple up on the wall – what is your religious background if you’re not LDS? WVI: [repeating question in Karen] PN: [responding in Karen] PNI: [speaking in Karen] PN: [speaking in Karen] PNI: Well, back to the refugee camp, I was Buddhist. My whole family was Buddhist. But here, me, my husband and – [speaks in Karen] – and my oldest daughter, us three – we converted to LDS. WV: Okay BH: Okay PNI: We already have, yeah. PN: [speaking in Karen] PNI: So I guess there are like four more left in my family, still isn’t LDS. PN: [speaks in Karen] PNI: Well, what I want to say is that it all depends on my daughters I guess. It doesn’t matter what religions they choose. It’s all up to them. We don’t have any objection to anything. Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Pyo Nwe Page 25 PN: [speaks in Karen] PNI: For me, I chose it myself, to become LDS. It was my decision. BH: Okay, any other questions? No? Well thank you. So I think that’s the end of our interview. It is, it’s 11:58 AM, I don’t know if I mentioned, the starting time was about 11:04 or 11:05. So thank you, Pyo Nwe, and your little son. So, thanks to both of you. PN: [laughs, responds in Karen] [53:28] Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource transcripts; application/pdf 170153 Bytes Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/p16944coll14/id/86 Language A language of the resource eng; kar Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Digitized by : Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library Relation A related resource Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project An inventory for this collection can be found at : http://nwda.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv67615 Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project Digital Collection Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Special Collections and Archives, phone (435) 797-2663; Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project, FOLK COLL 65 Title A name given to the resource Pyo Nwe interview transcript, May 18, 2015 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text; Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/00326fae1624d398354d88c68bd27729.pdf d064a8279c706fb04109bc182cc781b7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project Description An account of the resource Cache Valley, Utah is the home of Burmese Muslim, Karen, and Eritrean refugees. Documenting and preserving their stories is an important goal of Utah State University&rsquo;s Fife Folklore Archives (FFA). In May 2015, USU&rsquo;s FFA and Folklore Program, with help from the Karen community, hosted a Library of Congress Field School for Cultural Documentation: &ldquo;Voices: Refugees in Cache Valley.&rdquo; Field school students worked to document Cache Valley&rsquo;s recent refugee communities. This collection, <a href="http://nwda.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv67608">Folk Coll 58: Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project</a>, houses the physical recordings and associated materials of the interviews which took place during this field school.<br /><br />You can see the original collection at:&nbsp;<a href="http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/p16944coll14">http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/p16944coll14</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Van de Water, Wes; 1989 Gross, Susan Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Karen; Burma; Thailand; Salt Lake City Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Eh Htoo; 1984 Eh Htoo Chit Moe Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2015-05-16 Description An account of the resource Interview with Eh Htoo about his life as a refugee in Thailand, serving as a porter in the Burmese military, leaving home, and immigrating to the United States. Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Eh Htoo Page 1 CACHE VALLEY REFUGEE ORAL HISTORY PROJECT TRANSCRIPTION COVER SHEET Interviewee(s): Eh Htoo Present: Wes Van de Water, Eh Htoo, Chit Moe, Bethany Hanks, Meagan Gill Place of Interview: Date of Interview: May 16, 2015 Language(s): Karen Translation: Interviewer: Wes Van de Water Interpreter: Chit Moe Recordist: Meagan Gill Photographer: Bethany Hanks Recording Equipment: Tascam DR-100mk11 linear PCM recorder; Senal ENG-18RL broadcast-quality omnidirectional dynamic microphone Transcription Equipment: Express Scribe with PowerPlayer foot pedal. Transcribed by: Susan Gross, May 19, 2015 Transcript Proofed by: Wes Van de Water, May 23, 2015 Brief Description of Contents: Eh Htoo talks about his life being born into war in the Karen state in Burma. He describes his life as a teenager: his father dying, and then being recruited as a porter for the Burmese military, and his subsequent escape into a refugee camp (Mae La) in Thailand. He talks about his life in Mae La camp: going to school and working to collect bamboo, before moving to the United States (first Salt Lake City, Utah, then Cache Valley, Utah). Reference: WV = Wes Van de Water WVI = Wes Van de Water’s words interpreted by translator EH = Eh Htoo EHI = Eh Htoo’s words interpreted by translator BH = Bethany Hanks BHI = Bethany Hanks’ words interpreted by translator CM= Chit Moe Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Eh Htoo Page 2 TAPE TRANSCRIPTION [00:01] WV: Okay. So Eh Htoo, tell us – oh, sorry; first off it is May 16th, 2015 (I almost said 2005) [Laughter] WV: It is six o’clock; we are here meeting with Eh Htoo. My name is Wes Van de Water, I’ll be doing the interview. Meagan Gill is recording, and Bethany Hanks is our photographer. And our translator for this interview is Chit Moe. Okay, so Eh Htoo, if you wouldn’t mind, could you tell us your full name and the year that you were born? WVI: [Repeating the question in Karen.] EH: [Responding in Karen.] EHI: My name is Eh Htoo, and I was born in 1983. EH: [Speaking in Karen.] EHI: And he is not sure what date (or days) he was born, but he only know – WV: Knows the year? EHI: Yeah. WV: Okay. So Eh Htoo, tell us a bit about your family, where you’re from. EH: [Responding in Karen.] EHI: I came from Karen state (which is in Burma), but my family, my relatives – they are all in Burma right now, in Karen state. WV: So your family is still in Burma then? EH: Not Burma, Karen state. EHI: It’s in Karen state, but it’s in Burma country. WV: Oh, okay; got you – sorry, so your family is still over in Karen? So if your family is still in Karen, how did you wind up here in the United States? WVI: [Repeating the question in Karen.] Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Eh Htoo Page 3 EH: [Responding in Karen.] EHI: So I became a refugee twice, based on my experience: once when I was born, and the other one was – which he hasn’t talked about it yet. Okay. EH: [Speaking in Karen.] EHI: [Responding in Karen.] EH: [Speaking in Karen.] EHI: Oh, okay. So ever since he was born – no, I was born in 1983; ever since I was born, there was a war between Burmese military and the Karen military. I automatically became a refugee and went to a refugee camp ever since I was born. And in 1985, I came back to my Karen state – EH: Ninety-five. EHI: Oh, in 1985? EH: Ninety-five. EHI: 1995, I’m sorry. In 1995, I came back to my country because I heard there was peace, and it’s better to live in there. So I love my country, that’s why I want to go back. EH: [Speaking in Karen.] EHI: So after I went back to my country (which is in Karen state), it wasn’t what I was expecting: there wasn’t any peace, and there was still war going on. And when I was 13 years old I became a soldier. EH: [Speaking in Karen.] EHI: Okay, so not a soldier, but I was – [speaking in Karen] EH: [Responding in Karen.] EHI: Actually not a soldier, but I was forced to become a porter. And that happened – EH: [Speaking in Karen.] EHI: And that happened during the war, you know, so I had to carry bombs and stuff. Basically I was a porter – so they force you to become that – [speaking in Karen] EH: [Responding in Karen.] Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Eh Htoo Page 4 EHI: So that happened once in 1995, and the other time was in 1998. [04:59] WV: So did you get out of the military then, and you became a refugee when you got out? WVI: [Repeating the question in Karen.] EH: [Responding in Karen.] EHI: So the point is – okay, in 1998 I was 16 years old, okay? At that time I was still a porter, you know, I had to do stuff during the war. So there was one thought that came to me: “If I die during the war,” – before that, I have a mom and an older sister. Because they’re female, the military won’t take them as a porter; and I was only 16 years old, and I was the only boy in the family so I was forced to become a porter. And then I started thinking, “What if I die during the war? There is no point – I can’t repay my family, nor can I help them in any way.” So I started thinking, “It’s better for me to go to refugee camp, maybe study there; and that could be a possibility to help my family, or in any other ways.” Instead of, “What if I die in the war? That is bad.” And my thought is going to refugee camp is better for me. That’s why I went to the refugee camp. WV: So you left your family there in the hopes that you might be able to help them, rather than staying in the military? WVI: [Repeating the question in Karen.] EH: [Responding in Karen.] EHI: Yes, that was his dream; his goal. WV: So how long have you been here in the States then? When did you get here? WVI: [Repeating the question in Karen.] EH: [Responding in Karen.] EHI: In July it will be seven years in Utah. WV: So have you been here, in Utah, the entire time? So when you first – or where was the camp that you were at when you first went to the refugee camp – where was that? WVI: [Repeating the question in Karen.] EH: [Responding in Karen.] Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Eh Htoo Page 5 EHI: It’s called Mae La camp – M-A L-A-E – WV: M-A? EHI: M-A L-A-E camp. EH: M-A-E L-A EHI: Oh, M-A-E L-A – EH: M-A-E L-A: Mae La. M-A-E L-A – WV: L-A? EH: Yeah. Mae La. EHI: And I believe this is the largest camp in Thailand. EH: Yeah, largest camp. WV: In Thailand? EH: Yeah. EHI: Um-hmm. [08:03] WV: So how long were in – is it Mae La? Is that how you say it? EH: [Responding in Karen.] WV: How long were you there? EH: [Responding in Karen.] EHI: Almost nine years. WV: And then how did you get out of the camp? How did you wind up coming over to the U.S.? EHI: So from the camp to the United States? WV: Yeah, from the camp. WVI: [Repeating the question in Karen.] Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Eh Htoo Page 6 EH: [Responding in Karen.] EHI: Well the thing is, people from the United States, from other countries – they were, you know, coming to the refugee camp and wanted to take refugees to their country. And then I heard about it, so I applied for it; and then I applied for it on 2007, and I departed my camp in 2008. WV: And did they relocate you straight here, to Cache Valley, or did you go somewhere else first? WVI: [Repeating the question in Karen.] EH: [Responding in Karen.] EHI: It was in Salt Lake. WV: So that was first? EH: [Speaking in Karen.] EHI: Yeah. EH: [Speaking in Karen.] EHI: He lived in Salt Lake for four months, and he moved to Logan after that. WV: Okay. So what was your experience like in the camp? What was it like living there? WVI: [Repeating the question in Karen.] EH: [Responding in Karen.] EHI: So my experience in the refugee camp was just like most people, you know: people were going to school – I wanted to go to school. But in my situation I didn’t get to know my dad – my dad died. Yeah, my dad died and my family couldn’t support me, you know; they couldn’t send me to school because I was only person living in the refugee camp. And like most students, they have free time after school you know, to go hang out; me, I didn’t have those time. WV: So did you just work then, while you were in the camp? Is that all you had time to do was work, and not go to school? EH: [Responding in Karen.] EHI: [Repeating the question in Karen.] Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Eh Htoo Page 7 EH: [Responding in Karen.] CM: Can we pause this really quick? How do we do that? [Recording pauses as Eh Htoo tells the children to leave the room] WV: We good? Okay. EHI: Well, I was a worker, and at the same time I was a student. I go to school for five days in the week days, and the weekend I work. You know, I need to work because I need to buy clothes, I need to buy candle, I need to buy books, I need to buy stuff, you know, to take care of myself: toothpaste, toothbrush; I mean, there is a whole list (I can’t name them all) – WV: Right. EHI: Those are the stuff I need, so I need to work on the weekend. [12:23] WV: So were food and clothes and those things not provided at this camp then? WVI: [Repeating the question in Karen.] EH: [Responding in Karen.] EHI: Yes, they did provide (for example) rice, salt, oil – stuff like that, you know, just for daily basics; but clothes and stuff, nobody is going to give us clothes or toothpaste, or any other things so I need to make money to buy those. WV: So now that you’re here, in Utah, are you going to school, or are you working? Or both? WVI: [Repeating the question in Karen.] EH: [Responding in Karen.] EHI: Like I said earlier, I was in Salt Lake for four months – WV: Um-hmm. EHI: And then after I move from Salt Lake to Logan, I started working here at JBS. WV: So are you hoping to bring your family here, or do you want to go back to Burma, to your family? (Or Karen, excuse me.) Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Eh Htoo Page 8 WVI: [Repeating question in Karen.] EH: [Responding in Karen.] EHI: Well I do want my family to come here, you know, I do – but it’s not possible because my family, they grew up in the village and I don’t think they would like this place here, you know, Utah (not Utah, but in the United States). Although we have better education, better food, it’s not something they would like. And another thing is of course I want to go back home: all my family is back there, I want to go back home; but before I can go back I need to make sure that, you know, Karen state is safe and has protection. Right now that is not the case, so what I’m doing is I’m working – if I have a lot of money then I will send some to my family each month (or whenever I have extra money). WV: So are you able to still keep in contact? Like do you either call or do you write your family back home? WVI: [Repeating question in Karen.] EH: [Responding in Karen.] EHI: Well yes – I call my mom like every two months (or something like that), you know, I ask her how she’s doing and how is the situation in Karen state? Is it getting better? You know, just the surrounding situation in Karen state. So yeah, I do keep in contact with my family. [15:58] WV: So what is the situation like back in Karen? Is it, you know, is there still a lot of fighting there, or is it just still too unstable to go home? WVI: [Repeating the question in Karen.] EH: [Responding in Karen.] EHI: So in Karen state, you know, I can’t say there is war right now, and I can’t say that there isn’t a war right now, or that war is going to occur in the future; I can’t say anything. It can’t be predicted. EH: Yeah. [Speaking in Karen.] EHI: So like I was saying, you know, I cannot tell whether there is a war or not because if there is people who have more power than me, then they will always suppress us; if there isn’t people like that, then it will be safer. WV: So when do you hope to be able to go back home? I mean, do you think the situation will ever calm down enough that you can? Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Eh Htoo Page 9 WVI: [Repeating the question in Karen.] EH: [Responding in Karen.] EHI: [Speaking in Karen.] EH: [Responding in Karen.] EHI: Well so I do hope to go back there, but even if I were to go back, I would only stay there for one or two years – it won’t be permanent. If I were to go back there, you know, I want to help my family and the people that are in the village. You know, I want to teach them what’s the best way to live, how to survive – and only that will make me feel better (then I would come back here). Even if I were to stay, and even if there are lots of place to work at, but there isn’t any protection so I – yeah. WV: So even if you go back to your family, you would still eventually come back to the States? I know you said that, “Because I grew up in a village, it might be hard for them to adjust here.” But do you think it might be better if they came back with you? WVI: Say it again? WV: Sorry, that was kind of a long question. WVI: Yeah. WV: Do you think even though they might prefer to stay in Burma, do you think you would try to bring them back with you when you came back to the states? WVI: [Repeating the question in Karen.] EH: [Responding in Karen.] EHI: So yes, I tell my mom, you know, I want her to come here: it’s better for us, and our lives are guaranteed here, you know; but no, she just doesn’t want to live here. Well and the thing is that even though it’s not protected, you know, even though the state is in a war situation, my mom still wants to live there (even though she has to hide each day, it doesn’t matter; she believe that she can go through each day). [20:27] WV: So then what – I guess what do you plan on doing? I mean, do you plan on just going back periodically to visit, to help? Or what are your, I guess your plans after you’ve gone home? WVI: [Repeating the question in Karen.] Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Eh Htoo Page 10 EH: [Responding in Karen.] EHI: Well, yes. Let’s say as I go back to Burma, each time of course I will look at my surroundings (the situation). If it gets better – like if the Burmese military were, you know, not fighting other ethnic groups, not just Karen (and there are many, many ethnic groups in Burma) – so if the situation is better, and if they accept U.S. citizens, you know, to go and visit Burma (to get permission to live there for many years), then I would stay there like five or six years. WV: So have you gotten your citizenship here, in the United States then? WVI: [Repeating question in Karen.] EH: [Responding in Karen.] EHI: Yeah. WV: How long did that take? Or what was that process like? WVI: [Repeating the question in Karen.] EH: [Responding in Karen.] EHI: It took about four months to become a citizen. WV: Wow, that’s fast. WVI: [Speaking in Karen.] EH: [Responding in Karen.] EHI: So it took three months to apply for it, and then after that they will call me to go and scan my finger. And after that I took a test, and I passed. So, really quick. WV: So did you learn English when you were – it was Thailand, right? Where the camp was? WVI: Yeah. WV: So did you learn English while you were there, or did you just pick it up when you got here, to the U.S.? WVI: [Repeating the question in Karen.] EH: [Responding in Karen.] Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Eh Htoo Page 11 EHI: So yes, I did go to school back in the refugee camp, so I did know basic English; but of course my accent was different from other people, and my English teacher wasn’t an English person. And when I got here I had to make an adjustment, you know, I had to learn the accent and try to relearn it all over again. WV: So overall, did you have an easier time adjusting here? I mean, do you prefer living here – or was life, you know, okay in the camp? WVI: [Repeating the question in Karen.] EH: [Responding in Karen.] [24:13] EHI: Well I prefer to live in United States, because living in Thailand – I wasn’t a Thai citizen; they didn’t accept me and it’s not my country. Here, they accept me as a U.S. citizen, so I would prefer to stay here. WV: So you arrived in Salt Lake – did you move here, to Logan, for work? WVI: [Repeating the question in Karen.] EH: [Responding in Karen.] EHI: Correct. WV: I know there is a fairly large community here, how do you like living in Logan? WVI: [Repeating the question in Karen.] EH: [Responding in Karen.] EHI: Well it’s not the place that I like, you know, I think it depends on someone’s heart (I guess). You know if my heart is like living here, then yeah. So it depends on my – [speaks Karen] it depends on my heart I guess. EH: [Speaking in Karen.] EHI: Some people doesn’t like to live here, but – EH: [Speaking in Karen.] EHI: So as long as there isn’t any war – as long as there isn’t any fighting then yeah, I don’t mind living in Logan. WV: So you like it here because it’s peaceful? Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Eh Htoo Page 12 WVI: [Repeating question in Karen.] EH: [Responding in Karen.] EHI: Yeah. EH: [Speaking in Karen.] EHI: And another thing is everybody follow the rules here – they respect the rules. So, yeah. WV: Were you raised with any particular religion? WVI: [Repeating the question in Karen.] EH: [Responding in Karen.] EHI: [Speaking in Karen.] EH: [Responding in Karen.] EHI: Oh, okay. Well yes, I mean everybody grew up – EH: [Speaking in Karen.] EHI: Everybody grew up with a different religion, but for me it was different, you know: I grew up believing in nature, I would say. You know, like a mountain – they might have a mountain spirit; for water they might have a water spirit. So that’s what I believe in. WV: So was that a more traditional belief in Karen? WVI: [Repeating the question in Karen.] EH: [Responding in Karen.] EHI: So I think it’s not just for Karen people, you know, the religious tradition; it might also be for other people as well. [27:08] WV: Let me rephrase: so was that, I guess, a common belief there? WVI: [Repeating the question in Karen.] EH: [Responding in Karen.] Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Eh Htoo Page 13 EHI: [Speaking in Karen.] EH: [Responding in Karen.] EHI: Well yeah, that back then a lot of people in my village – they had the same belief as me, you know: they believe in nature in my village. EH: [Speaking in Karen.] EHI: But right now I think there aren’t many who still believe in nature because everywhere, you know, there are Christian, Buddhists, and it’s just surrounded by that particular religion (my religion); so there isn’t a lot of people who still believe in nature. WV: It’s not as common these days? EHI: No; yes. WV: So I guess one thing that I’m curious about is if there is one thing that, you know, you could tell people (either, you know, in the area, or the U.S.) – like if there is one message that you would want for people to hear, what would it be? WVI: [Repeating the question in Karen.] EH: [Responding in Karen.] EHI: So I think he is asking – there are many messages, but for what purpose? EH: [Speaking in Karen.] WV: Okay, so from your experience, you know, what you’ve seen and what you’ve been through, if there is something that, you know, you want people to know (either about you or where you come from)? WVI: [Repeating the question in Karen.] EH: [Responding in Karen.] [30:17] EHI: So basically, when I was 15 years old my dad died, and then after that (like I said) I was forced to become a porter. Because my mom and my sister was female, there was no way they could do that. [Speaking in Karen.] EH: [Responding in Karen.] Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Eh Htoo Page 14 EHI: So he is saying that he doesn’t feel very comfortable like saying – it’s not he is not comfortable – he has to stop at a certain point for me to translate that, it’s just not coming out. [Speaking in Karen.] EH: [Speaking in Karen.] EHI: Well of course I had many bad experience, but I’d like to share two, particularly. One is that when I was 18 years old (it was in 1998) – EH: [Speaking in Karen.] EHI: I mean 16 years old. Like I said, people were coming, taking us as porters. And because my mom and my sister was female, they couldn’t do it. And the thing is like each house has to go five weekdays to do a porter, and if we don’t go then they will charge us $100 each day if we don’t go. We didn’t have any money; we were so poor, so I had to go do it. Everybody was so big and old; I was the smallest to become a porter. EH: [Speaking in Karen.] EHI: So you know, as I was doing porter – at the beginning I was told, “It’s only going to take ten days, and because you’re only like 16 years old we won’t put you in the front,” you know, “where there are higher chances of getting hit by the bullet.” That is what I was told, but that wasn’t the case, you know; it doesn’t matter you were young or old, I was put at the front. It doesn’t matter I was young or old, they gave me big bags, you know, (just like everybody) that I had to carry – they are all the same weight. And then what happened later was, because there was war going on, they told me at first that they were going to protect me and put me in the back, but that wasn’t the case. And after ten days – it’s because there was a war going on, they just couldn’t get any help and they didn’t protect me, or they can’t ask other people to come or take my place because I’m already, you know, at the front and it’s really dangerous to replace people. So, yeah. [34:32] EH: [Speaking in Karen.] EHI: So like I said, after ten days you know, I was hoping that people would replace me with the other bigger and stronger person, but they didn’t. And because I was so small, you know, the military didn’t think I would come up with a strategy or a way to escape the situation, but I did. I thought of it, I didn’t want to stay here, you know; it’s dangerous. So as war going on, because I was only 16 years old and the military didn’t think of me as anything – and that is also when I escaped from that place. [Speaking in Karen.] Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Eh Htoo Page 15 EH: [Responding in Karen.] EHI: Oh, and as I was escaping I didn’t go straight to the refugee camp, I went back to my home: to the Karen state. EH: [Speaking in Karen.] EHI: So as I was escaping that place, you know, I also helped two old men. They were telling me that, “It’s dangerous, don’t escape this place,” you know, “there are bombs everywhere and you might get hit, so just don’t do it.” And then I said, “No, believe me; I’m going to walk at the front, so if there was a bomb then I would get hit first. Because I was so small, even if I get hit you guys can carry me with you. But if you guys get hit by the bomb, I can’t help with it.” EH: [Speaking in Karen.] [37:39] EHI: So you know, that day it was a run and there was when everything was quiet down, you know, the war is like kind of – everybody was resting. And at the same time we had a duty where we had to go and fill up water and bring it back to that place. And I told those two old men, “Don’t bring anything with you; just bring your clothes and a container to pretend like we’re going to swim to get water.” And that’s when I escaped from that place. EH: [Speaking in Karen.] EHI: As I was doing porter with the Burmese military and they were speaking Burmese and I was speaking Karen, and there was also some challenges between me and the Burmese military (because of language barrier). EH: [Speaking in Karen.] EHI: In the process of escaping, you know, those two old men – they know the place and they know the roads; but at the same time they know there are bombs, but they don’t know where it is. So as we were escaping, they showed me where to go, you know, they showed me this is the way back home. So I thought that, “Let’s say if this is the road, of course there are going to be bombs.” So what I did was I kind of walked in a place where people won’t usually going to walk on it. So that’s how I escaped through those bombs. EH: [Speaking in Karen.] EHI: Let’s say from the place where there is war going on, and the place to my house it would take about a day to walk; but because I had to try to avoid those bombs, it took about one and a half or two days. Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Eh Htoo Page 16 EH: [Speaking in Karen.] EHI: The distance is about from here to Bear Lake. EH: [Speaking in Karen.] [40:38] EHI: So as soon as I get to my village, you know, I went to ask those people who told me that it’s going to take ten days and I won’t be put at the front, and then I went straight to them (it was in the evening-ish), I went to see them and was going to ask them those questions, you know. EH: [Speaking in Karen.] EHI: You know, the person that told me it’s going to take ten days, and I won’t be put at the front was like a leader in the village, you know; he is like – he is really old and he is really nice. I went to him and ask him, “Why was I put at the front, and why does it take longer than ten days? And why didn’t you replace me with other people?” So that leader, you know, that old man (that leader) – he told me, “I’m really glad that you escaped that place. I didn’t think that anybody would come up with a strategy to escape that place, because we don’t have anybody back here to replace any of you out there.” So he was glad that I escaped that place. EH: [Speaking in Karen.] EHI: Starting then, starting from the time I escaped – you know, as I was thinking, “Although I escaped that place, they’re going to come back and force me to become a porter again. And if they do that each time, of course I am going to get older and older. And as I get older they’re going to, you know, force me to do much, much heavy work and much, much harder things.” So I decided, “It’s no use living here,” you know, “If I die out there, it won’t benefit me or my family or my people.” EH: [Speaking in Karen.] EHI: As I was coming up with those thoughts, I ended up in a refugee camp. EH: [Speaking in Karen.] EHI: Like what I said earlier, I asked my mom, saying that I’m going to go to a refugee camp to live, and she’s like, “Okay, you can go then.” [43:40] EH: [Speaking in Karen.] Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Eh Htoo Page 17 EHI: So before I left my village, you know, I asked my mom for permission. She said, “Okay, you can go.” But before my left, my mom told me, “Son,” you know, “you can go there; you can go to the refugee camp, but I cannot support. Of course they’re going to give you pencil, books to go to school, maybe food – but if you want any other particular things, you know, such as good clothes or any other thing, there is no way I can support you. So if you want to go, just think about – just keep that in mind.” EH: [Speaking in Karen.] EHI: And like I said earlier, I go to school for five days and I work on the weekend, and that’s how I support myself because I didn’t have any help back then. EH: [Speaking in Karen.] EHI: Before I got to the refugee camp I already knew someone, and fortunately he went to the – there is like a place you have to put your name to get food – and he went ahead and put my name on the list, you know, saying that I’m going to be coming, I’m going to get some food. And yeah, I liked that idea, but in order for me to get food that person had to lie for me, you know; he said that my parents were dead, and I had to live that way. I didn’t like lying, but I had to lie to get food. I had to say that my parents are gone, and that’s one of the ways to get help, I guess. EH: [Speaking in Karen.] EHI: Okay well like I said, in that program if you tell that your parents are gone – well in this case my dad was really gone, but my mom isn’t – then they put my name saying that my parents are gone, and in this case they will help me for 20 years (that was the promise). They gave me umbrella, toothpaste, toothbrush – EH: [Speaking in Karen.] EHI: Soap and shampoo, and a candle to study (so I can see in the dark). EH: [Speaking in Karen.] EHI: And they gave us those every year (once a year). EH: [Speaking in Karen.] EHI: [Speaking in Karen.] EH: [Speaking in Karen.] EHI: Okay, actually it’s not like that – for umbrella they give it once a year, but for the other five items, they give it every month. Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Eh Htoo Page 18 EH: [Speaking in Karen.] EHI: And I’m really, really thankful for that, and you know, for helping me and giving me those items (those are really needed). [47:55] EH: [Speaking in Karen.] EHI: That’s pretty much the end of my story, I guess. Like I was saying, I go to school five days, I work in the weekends. My work is – I woke up at three in the morning – my work is dependent on the season I guess. If people were selling this particular item this three months, and I will have to do the same thing. So what I have done was at three a.m. I went out in the deep forest and looking for bamboos (like small bamboos), and I have to you know, it could be rainy, it’s dangerous, I have boots and it was kind of dangerous. But yeah, I won’t get home until five p.m. in the evening, so it’s all day work. EH: [Speaking in Karen.] EHI: So bamboos are really heavy, you know; each day the most I can get is about 60 kilogram – [speaking to Eh Htoo] Kilogram? EH: Um-hmm. EHI: But the way that people are buying it, they buy it one gram is one dollar – not one dollar, but one Bahts in Thai money; so I would get about 60 Bahts a day. EH: [Speaking in Karen.] EHI: And that takes all day long: from three a.m., to five p.m. EH: [Speaking in Karen.] EHI: And if we were to compare it with U.S. dollar, it would be two dollars a day. EH: [Speaking in Karen.] EHI: And that would take around ten hours (I think) – ten hours of work. EH: [Speaking in Karen.] EHI: Well this is pretty much it about my story. Of course there are other things, but they are not really important or significant. WV: Thank you for sharing. Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Eh Htoo Page 19 WVI: [Repeating statement in Karen.] EH: Thank you. WV: So that’s about all the questions that I have. Meagan or Bethany, do either of you have questions for Eh Htoo? WVI: [Repeating the statement in Karen.] BH: I did think of a couple BHI: [Repeating the statement in Karen.] EH: [Responding in Karen.] EHI: Yeah, no problem. BH: You mentioned – well you talked a lot about escaping from the military – was that a common thing? Were there many people that escaped? BHI: [Repeating the question in Karen.] EH: [Responding in Karen.] EHI: Well it really depends, you know. For people who sees things different like, “This place isn’t right, we have to escape,” then yeah – it’s possible for them to escape that place; but for people who fear that “There are bombs, there are military, they are going to catch you” – then I don’t think they will ever come up with a thought of escaping that place. BH: What would have happened had they caught you while you were trying to escape? BHI: [Repeating the question in Karen.] EH: [Responding in Karen.] EHI: Well for me (I was only 16 years old), so even if they caught me it won’t be much of a problem; but for those two old man – yeah, it’s a big problem. EH: [Speaking in Karen.] [53:25] EHI: Well yeah, even if – let’s say the people were trying to escape and they got hit by the bomb, it just cause a problem for that leader in the village camp, and it cause a problem for the military as well. Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Eh Htoo Page 20 BH: Oh, thank you. EH: [Speaking in Karen.] MG: Good? EH: [Speaking in Karen.] EHI: He is saying it doesn’t matter what country it is, but refugee occur mostly just like this, you know, because some country are not stable because there is war going on, there is no protection for people. I guess that’s how most refugee occur. EH: [Speaking in Karen.] EHI: He wants to ask you guys a question now. BH: Sure. EHI: So do you guys think that the more refugee we have, is that a better thing or not? Is that a better thing or not? WV: Do we think it’s good that we have more refugees here, in the States? WVI: [Repeating the question in Karen.] EH: [Responding in Karen.] EHI: So he is saying around the world – the whole world. Is it better if there isn’t any refugees? Or is it better if there is some refugees? WV: Well I mean, for me at least, I wish there didn’t have to be. WVI: [Speaking in Karen.] WV: I would much rather have people be in a place where they are safe. WVI: [Repeating statement in Karen.] EH: [Speaking in Karen.] EHI: As you were saying, you know, you want people to have peace and you know, no refugees; but is there a way for that to happen? WV: I don’t know; hopefully some day. Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Eh Htoo Page 21 WVI: [Repeating statement in Karen.] [55:58] EH: [Speaking in Karen.] EHI: Do you know why there are refugees these days? EH: [Speaking in Karen.] EHI: The whole world, yeah. Do you know why there are refugees? WV: You mean still? EHI: Yeah, still? Or why did they even happen in the first place? EH: [Speaking in Karen.] EHI: [Responding in Karen.] Yeah, like why did it occur? I don’t know. WV: I wish I had an answer; I don’t know. It’s just some people do what they want, regardless of the price to others; there is no real reason for it. WVI: [Repeating the answer in Karen.] EH: [Responding in Karen.] EHI: Well I have an answer; I think you know, it’s because of three reasons why there are refugees: one is because of business and economy; secondly it is because of religious; thirdly it is because of politics. EH: [Speaking in Karen.] EHI: That’s what I think. EH: [Speaking in Karen.] EHI: Well I think those are the answer, but I don’t know which is the right answer. I don’t know how to solve this problem either. But I just hope that, you know, people who has more power could maybe come up with an idea to get rid of this, I guess. EH: [Speaking in Karen.] Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Eh Htoo Page 22 EHI: Yeah, I’m sure that those are the three reasons why refugees occur. I really hope, you know, people who have more power can help, or maybe other countries can help. WV: Well and I agree that I think those are the causes; but as far as, you know, I don’t think there is a good reason why people do those things (is what I was trying to say). WVI: [Repeating the statement in Karen.] EH: [Speaking in Karen.] EHI: Well for my conclusion, I guess, of course I have many other things I want to share with you guys (but I don’t think there is enough time) – let’s say if I were to graduate from here in the States, you know, and let’s say if I was invited to the White House just to talk about these issues – it would be nice. But currently I am nobody, I don’t have an education; so yeah, I just don’t have the power or hope to even say that, talk about those issues. WV: Well that’s one of the reasons why we’re here, and why we are doing this. You know, we are one school, but our hope is that we can help you get your story out there, so that maybe we can do something. WVI: [Repeating the statement in Karen.] EH: [Speaking in Karen.] EHI: Yeah. WV: So thank you for giving us the chance, and for talking with us. WVI: [Repeating the statement in Karen.] WV: I think we’re good. [End recording – 60:25] Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource transcripts; application/pdf 397801 Bytes Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/p16944coll14/id/85 Language A language of the resource ENG, KAR Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Digitized by : Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library Relation A related resource Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project An inventory for this collection can be found at : http://nwda.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv67611 Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project Digital Collection Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Special Collections and Archives, phone (435) 797-2663; Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project, FOLK COLL 61 Subject The topic of the resource Karen; Refugees; Karen Refugees; Thailand; Refugee Camps; Burma; Burmese Military; Porter; United States Immigration Title A name given to the resource Interview transcript with Eh Htoo on May 16, 2015 in Hyrum, Utah. Type The nature or genre of the resource Text; Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/e6e785c57bce3e2443caf7b8e53379bd.pdf b5bc8869726ed2699914c582e7373b63 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project Description An account of the resource Cache Valley, Utah is the home of Burmese Muslim, Karen, and Eritrean refugees. Documenting and preserving their stories is an important goal of Utah State University&rsquo;s Fife Folklore Archives (FFA). In May 2015, USU&rsquo;s FFA and Folklore Program, with help from the Karen community, hosted a Library of Congress Field School for Cultural Documentation: &ldquo;Voices: Refugees in Cache Valley.&rdquo; Field school students worked to document Cache Valley&rsquo;s recent refugee communities. This collection, <a href="http://nwda.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv67608">Folk Coll 58: Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project</a>, houses the physical recordings and associated materials of the interviews which took place during this field school.<br /><br />You can see the original collection at:&nbsp;<a href="http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/p16944coll14">http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/p16944coll14</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Gill, Meagan Gill, Meagan Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Karen, Burma, Thailand Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Aye Win Van de Water, Wes; 1988 Chit Moe Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2015-05-19 Description An account of the resource Aye Win describes her life in Karen State, Burma. Along with her time in a refugee camp in Thailand, how she came to the U.S., her family, and life in Cache Valley, Utah. Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Aye Win Page 1 CACHE VALLEY REFUGEE ORAL HISTORY PROJECT TRANSCRIPTION COVER SHEET Interviewee: Aye Win Present: Aye Win, Meagan Gill, Chit Moe, Wes Van de Water, Bethany Hanks Place of Interview: Aye Win’s home in Logan, Utah Date of Interview: May 19, 2015 Language(s): Karen; English Translation: Interviewer: Meagan Gill Interpreter: Chit Moe Recordist: Bethany Hanks Photographer: Wes Van de Water Recording Equipment: Tascam DR-100mk11 linear PCM recorder; Senal ENG- 18RL broadcast-quality omnidirectional dynamic microphone Transcription Equipment: Transcribed by: Meagan Gill, May 25, 2015 Transcript Proofed by: Meagan, May 26, 2015 Brief Description of Contents: Aye Win describes her life in a refugee camp and in Burma before she came to the United States. She explains what brought her to the Thailand refugee camp and the difference between her homeland and her home here in the United States. Aye Win also talks about her family, English classes, holidays in the camp and out of the camp, and keeping in contact with her friends from the refugee camp. Reference: MG = Meagan Gill MGI = Meagan Gill interpreted by translator AW = Aye Win AWI = Aye Win interpreted by translator WV = Wes Van de Water WVI = Wes Van de Water interpreted by translator Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Aye Win Page 2 BH = Bethany Hanks BHI = Bethany Hanks interpreted by translator NOTE: Interjections during pauses or transitions in dialogue such as “uh” and false starts and stops in conversations are not included in transcribed. All additions to transcript are noted with brackets. TAPE TRANSCRIPTION [00:01] MG: Today is May 19, 2015. Its 1:07. My name is Meagan I am here with Bethany Hanks, doing uh…audio (laughing), and Wes Van de Water, he’s taking pictures today. We are students from Utah State University working on an oral history project, refugees for Cache Valley. And today I am interviewing Aye Win. Thanks for letting us interview you today. Can I have you state your full name and birth year for me please? AW: My name is Aye Win. Uh, my birthday May 1, 1974. MG: K. Thanks. And what languages do you speak? MGI: [repeating question in Karen] AWI: I speak Karen & Burmese. MG: K. Tell me about your family? MGI: [repeating question in Karen] AWI: Can you rephrase that. A she’s not getting that question. MG: Um…Tell me about your parents & spouse & children & where they are at? MGI: [repeating question in Karen] [laughing] AWI: Okay. Well, she’s still not understanding your question I guess. Well, she told me that um... our family, my family came here for education purposes. Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Aye Win Page 3 [laughing] [2:30] MG: Okay. AWI So you might want to ask in a different way I guess. MG: Okay, sure. Start with how many children do you have? MGI: [repeating question in Karen] AWI: Four, four. MG: Okay. And do you have any other family with you here? MGI: [repeating question in Karen] AWI: No MG: Okay. Can you describe the ethnic or religious community that you belong to if any? MGI: [repeating question in Karen] AWI: My religious is Buddhist and that’s it. MG: Okay. Can you tell me about your birth country? MGI: [repeating question in Karen] AWI: From Burma. I was born in Burma. MG: How long did you live there? MGI: [repeating question in Karen] [3:44] AWI: About fifteen years. Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Aye Win Page 4 MG: K. And why did you leave? MGI: [repeating question in Karen] AWI: When or why? MG: Why? MGI: [repeating question in Karen] [4:19] AWI: Well, uh when I was little you know um, I just kinda follow my parents I guess. And there were Burmese military everywhere you know. They come to our village they were attacking us and me I just follow my parents. We had to sleep in a forest for three or five days. And then when we come back I’m just going back with them so that’s why I think I…that’s why I left Burma. MG: Okay. And after the forest where did you go? AWI: Going back home. MG: Back home to? AWI: To village. Okay. MG: To village. [4:55] AWI: So the…the Burmese military come attack everybody in the village so to escape that we went to the forest. We slept there for a few days then when…you know things quiet down we come back to our village again. MG: Okay. And what was your experience like in a refugee camp? MGI: [repeating question in Karen] Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Aye Win Page 5 [5:49] AWI: [clears throat] Well, my experience in refugees, um. Well, my experience in refugee camp I got married and um...I had one children in refugee camp and back then I wanted to go back home to visit Burma. But I was so scared that I’d…I’d never get a chance to go back. [laughing] MG: Okay. Can you tell me about the food and medical care you received in the camp? MGI: [repeating question in Karen] [7:03] AWI: Um. Well, yes we…we do receive food and medical care in the refugee camp, but for a pregnant women when I was pregnant back then. Um, we had like people what organization who are called AMI, IRC, they like come every week and give us…give the pregnant woman um…some like five eggs um…one bottle of oil and then one bag of beans. So, you know just to keep the pregnant ladies healthy. So, yeah if you…you were about to give birth and they’d take you to like…they’d keep you at a hospital so like…they’d admit you to the hospital so that you can stay and give birth. So, yeah. [camera clicking] MG: Did you work or go to school in the camp at all? MGI: [repeating question in Karen] [8:17] AWI: Yeah, well when I was small I did go to school uh…I went to school for four days and that’s it. And after I got married I just never got a chance to go to school again because I had to take care of my kids you know. And I ran eh uh…a little shop in a refugee camp and I kinda sell stuff. Groceries. MG: K. What were the day to day living conditions like in the camp like? MGI: [repeating question in Karen] Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Aye Win Page 6 AWI: Well, um…for…for guys, you know [clear throat] uh…for day to day they’d go outside of camp and go and uh…plant corn, pick chilies, but for a woman they’d…they’d stay home and take care of kids. And if they’d have more time they’d also go outside of the camp and do the same thing as the guys. MG: Okay. And did you celebrate any holy days, holidays in the camp? MGI: [repeating question in Karen] AWI: Yes. Like Karen New Year we have Karen New Year and Christmas day and those kinds of holidays. [10:09] MG: Okay. Did you use any special like decorations or were you able to get any kind of presents for the holidays? MGI: [repeating question in Karen] AWI: Yes, for Christmas we…we do. I did receive gifts like from a friend and then I kinda have to give it back. Like you know from friend to friend thing. So, yes. MG: K. What was the political climate like in the camp? MGI: [repeating question in Karen] [laughing] AWI: Um I…I don’t know. [laughing] MG: K. Did you feel safe in the camp? MGI: [repeating question in Karen] AWI: Yeah, um I mean I do like living in a refugee camp, but it just uh…sometimes like we you know just kinda have to live with fears I guess. Cuz you had to be afraid of the Burmese soldiers. You know they’ll kind of…will come your burn…will Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Aye Win Page 7 come and burn the…the refugee camp cuz they do that all the time. Or sometimes we had be afraid of Burmese military and the Karen military they were fighting each other and we were…I was afraid I might get hit. So yeah. [camera clicking] MG: How did you learn about the U.S refugee program? MGI: [repeating question in Karen] [13:26] AWI: Okay, well so. Well, so…so you know I didn’t learn huh…well I so…the thing is so…when I was let’s say teenagers age. Around teenagers age um…um…the Burmese military were coming and forcing people to you know forcing people to become a potter. And they were looking for especially like…like…eighteen to seventeen years old man or woman. Both man and woman. So, you know I…me and my friend we were just really scared. We were like uh…it’s not safe to live in here anymore. Let’s just go to Thailand. Let’s just cross the border. So, yeah we decided…we went to Thailand and we stay in a city. In the city uh…it’s more like a town. It’s called The-wa-fa. We stay in that city. We stay there for a few months picking corn, chilies. [translator interrupts] AWI: You guys want to write that [laughing]? T. h.e…the wa dablu o wa. How do you spell? Wa. [laughing] Thaw. AWI continued: Yeah, we stay there for a…just a few months doing daily things. Picking chilies, planting corn. And it was nice. But then after…after um…I can’t remember the date, but the Burmese military and the Karen military were in they were in conflict…conflicts. And they were fighting each other and then that…that war went straight for three days and three nights. So, me and my friend were really scared you know because of what was going on around us. So…and a lot of people died that…in those three days and so...and everybody was running you know just running for their lives. So…so…what can I do I just kind of follow everybody where they’re going and…and me I ended up in a refugee camp and so…I guess that’s how I learned about refugee camp. MG: Okay. And how did you apply and who helped you get to the U.S? Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Aye Win Page 8 MGI: [repeating question in Karen] [cut in audio] [16:55] AWI: Well, yeah there isn’t anybody to help, but it’s not hard. It’s not a difficult process to…to come to the United States. You know, you just have to fill out an application and they’ll call your names you know. Hey, so you’re um…set to go to United States. That’s what they’ll tell you, but the thing is um…I…I did not know that you know I have to pay rent, utility bills, insurance bills. Everything you know. But in…in compared to refugees’ camp or Burma you don’t pay anything. You have a house you stay, you do what you want. Nothing is…you don’t have to pay anything basically, but here its different you know. In order you know in order to let you…you had to pay rent and things and stuff. So, yeah. MG: K. Tell me about coming to the United States? When did you first arrive here? MGI: [repeating question in Karen] AWI: Um… I…I got here on June 9, 2008. MG: And where did you first come…come to? MGI: [repeating question in Karen] AW: Salt Lake City AWI: In Salt Lake. MG: Okay. What were the first months like? [18:24] AWI: Well, we didn’t like it you know. We don’t speak the language. We don’t know what to do or where to go. Or we don’t like…like clueless. So, no we didn’t like the first month. MG: Okay. Did you receive any help from the U.S. or religious organizations when you got here? Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Aye Win Page 9 MGI: [repeating question in Karen] [19:18] AWI: Yes. Um…so when I first arrive in the United States I…I did went…went to…to the church for a few months I guess. And like during Christmas they will come buy my child like a shoes, like boots and stuff. So yes we…I did received help from the religious church. [19:34] MG: Okay. Did you get help from any other organizations? MGI: [repeating question in Karen] AWI: Yes. There is another organization called IRC and that’s where we came like, we had to go through their office…not office, but we had to go through like, applications and stuff. And they were the ones that bring us here you know. And they had to take care of us for three months. There yeah, there was like their promise or something. So we receive plates and blankets, and kind of a lot of stuff from them. Yeah. MG: Okay. [clear throat] How long have you lived in Cache Valley? MGI: [repeating question in Karen] AWI: About six and a half years. MG: K. And what do you do here? MGI: [repeating question in Karen] [20:54] AWI: Um…[clear throat] Well, before um…I used to work at elementary school. I kinda, but I already quit that job, but now because I have a little child to take care of. I can just stay home. Yeah. MG: Okay. What’s it like for you and your family here? Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Aye Win Page 10 MGI: [repeating question in Karen] AWI: I guess we um…Well, we are surviving here day to day and that is good. We get pay you know my dad. My husband. [laughing] He works at JBS and um…then we get pay every two weeks. We use those money to pay rent to pay utility bills. It’s all gone. We get it again. It just kinda go in circles. Yeah. [22:02] MG: Okay. Do you feel included in the Logan community? MGI: [repeating question in Karen] [22:22] AWI: Um…not really. Because you know I don’t speak English. So, yeah. [laughing] MG: Alright. What would make you feel more included in the community? MGI: [repeating question in Karen] AWI: [laughing] Uh, I don’t know. [22:51] MG: Okay. Tell me about your home her. How’s it different from your home in your birth country? MGI: [repeating question in Karen] [23:32] AWI: Um, so it’s really different. Um, here um…I mean back in Burma you know where my birth country is. You kinda live. The only thing you…you have to fear is that the Burmese military. Other than that you don’t actually have any worries. You don’t have to worry about rent, bills, or food. You can kinda go out work. You get pay. You can either by like I know small stuff…just kinda go day to day without a lot of worries. But here you kinda have to kinda think of everything. Think of: Oh, I need to have this much to pay for my rent. So…here you just kind Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Aye Win Page 11 of think…think of financial situation here you know. You can’t you…just have to keep in mind that it’s different from your home here. So, I guess that’s the difference. [24:40] MG: Okay. Can you tell me your experiences with your landlord? MGI: [repeating question in Karen] [25:06] AWI: Well, this well…the current manager well…call him manager because she’s the manager of the land. She’s really nice you know. Let’s say something wrong with our house we…I can…I can go there and be like: Hey something is wrong. But although I don’t speak English she will come and look at it herself and that’s really nice, but the previous manager kinda not that nice. So good experience. MG: Okay. What would you like people in Logan to know about you, your family, or your ethnic group: MGI: [repeating question in Karen] AWI: [laughing] I don’t know. [laughing] MG: Mmm…let’s see. Would you like to go back to your country? MGI: [repeating question in Karen] AWI: Yes, um… my dad is…my dad is still in Burma. And I want to go back. I just don’t have the money to go back yet. So, yeah. One day. MG: Would you ever go back to live? [26:52] MGI: [repeating question in Karen] Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Aye Win Page 12 AWI: Well, it’s something that I have thought of…going back and staying there permanently. But I’m not sure yet because my children are still going to school and you know I still have to be here and support them. So, but yeah. Not sure. MG: What are you most proud of? MGI: [repeating question in Karen] [27:57] AWI: Well, uh my children they have a...you know better life here than I did back then. So, I’m really happy for that and now Chit Moe, that’s me [laughing], uh…going to college is really good thing I guess you know. I’m happy to see my child get to go to college and that’s just had never happened in my family. MG: Nice. What are your dreams for the future? MGI: [repeating question in Karen] [28:57] AWI: For my future dream I would say for every for my four childrens I really want them to have education. I really want them to have knowledge you know. Even if me and my husband die I’m sure they would still be able to live and support themselves with what they learned you know. So, yeah. [laughing] MG: Okay. Would you ever like to go to school again? MGI: [repeating question in Karen] AWI: Yes. I am planning on taking English classes at ELC soon because I failed citizen test two times already. So, I feel the need of taking it…taking the English class again. MG: Okay. AWI: Okay. [29:54] Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Aye Win Page 13 MG: Do you have any favorite activities to do here in Logan? MGI: [repeating question in Karen] [30:44] AWI: I’m not sure. [laughing] I don’t know. I guess, I mean there are a lot of things to do in Logan, but...Yeah, so. MG: Okay. Well, is there anything that I haven’t asked you that you’d like to tell us? MGI: [repeating question in Karen] AWI: Well, no. Not really, but I’m just thankful for you guys being here and doing interview. So. [laughing] MG: That’s all of my questions. Do you mind if my colleagues…if they have any questions they can ask you? MGI: [repeating question in Karen] [signaled in the positive] BH: Um…I have some questions. So, I was wondering about these um…the lights up here. Are they just decoration…you just like having them up? BHI: [repeating question in Karen] AWI: Yeah, just for decorations and we keep that for Christmas. [laughing] BH: I bet they look nice. Um… AWI: No go ahead. BH: That actually reminds me of a question I had. So you…you mentioned that you’re Buddhist and in the camps though, you celebrate Christmas. Is that a holiday that um…Buddhist’s normally celebrate? I just wonder. BHI: [repeating question in Karen] Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Aye Win Page 14 [32:54] AWI: Yes, uh…like I say I was a Buddhist back in refugee camp, but I have friends who are not Buddhist you know. They celebrate Christmas and I don’t want to be stranger or anything. So, just kind of you know were friends. So, yeah Christmas. So, that’s how that happened. BH: Okay. And you still celebrate Christmas? BHI: [repeating question in Karen] AWI: Yes, and it’s still for the same reasons. Have friends heres and sometimes they come and celebrate. Um… likes with Karen um…I don’t know. Well, she hasn’t talked this, but it’s from my…no…never mind…no. [signaled to go ahead] Um…so Karen I think every Christmas like, especially with their Christianity they…they will go house to house and play music with their guitar. Like a group of Karen…like big group and they will come to your door and sing. So, it’s just kind of…does…did you guys do that? Or? [MG, BH, and WV answer at once] MG: Caroling. MG, BH, and WV: Yeah. BH: Christmas caroling. WV: Caroling. AWI: Oh really, okay. So that’s not strange yeah. BH: Mmm…hmm. Usually, just without a guitar. AWI: But it’s with a guitar. Yeah. BHI: It’s with a guitar. Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Aye Win Page 15 AWI: Yeah. BH: So, why a guitar? AWI: Well, so you can sing better. You can follow the tone or something. [laughing] I don’t know. I’ve just never been to one. Um, like back…back in refugee camp you know we had uh…we had people like Christianity there they come to our house they and help us. So, it’s only polite for me to you know help them back. So, yup. MG: K. BH: Um…sorry I’m just really curious about this guitar. Um… do people have guitars in the refugee camps? AWI: I can answer that. Yes. BH: Was there a lot of music there? AWI: Yes. BH: Like what kinds of music? Was it like um…popular songs? I don’t know like maybe American songs? Or was it like its traditional? AWI: It’s mostly either Burmese songs or Karen songs. Like the...you know, like the top ten songs. [conversation in Karen] I’m doing it. Well, yeah they…we have lot of songs and going back to the Christmas thing you like know, like in a refugee camp when there’s like people going to house to house to sings there’s just gonna be lots of people kinda follow up. You know kinda join the group to do the same thing. So. [laughing] BH: It sounds like a good time. AWI: Right. [36:10] Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Aye Win Page 16 WV: Um…I’m just kind of curious who is the man in that photo up on the wall in that chair? AWI: On the left? WV: Uh…uh, the bigger one. The guy in the…what looks like brown robes. WVI: [repeating question in Karen] AWI: Its what his name is Thaminya. He is a…a… a highly…everybody knows person in Buddhist religions. WV: Okay. AWI: And he’s… he’s the monk in Burma and he’s rally um…you know. But there’s just I guess, so many things that happen to him that are miracle or something. Like, I don’t know if this trues…truth or not it maybe a myth, but like when he die. Well, he’s dead already and, but his…his fingernails are still growing. So, it’s just weird. I guess you know he just kind of have supernatural power or something and may people Buddhist…. Yeah. And it is true right. This particular person you know he…he’s still in Burma although he died many, many years ago. His corpse is still there and it’s not being… how do I say it? BH: It’s not decomposed? AWI: It’s not decomposing. Yeah. It’s not. WV: Did they preserve it? Like, did they do anything to…? AWI: Like they probably. Nobody knows whether they preserve it or not. It’s under military control and nobody knows. Like government control. I think they probably did. Come on. [laughing] K. Yeah. [38:04] BH: I have one more question. This is something I’ve been curious about cuz it sounds like in the refugee camps um…you can meet with a lot of people. There are a lot of people around. So, um…did you have a lot of friends in the refugee camp? People that you would meet with a lot? Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project: Aye Win Page 17 BHI: [repeating question in Karen] AWI: Yes. I had lots of friends in refugee camp. Yeah. BH: Are there any that came here to the United States as well? BHI: [repeating question in Karen] AWI: Yes, but they’re not in Utah. They’re in different states within the Unites States. So. BH: Are you able to keep in contact with any of them? BHI: [repeating question in Karen] AWI: Yes, um…we kinda...we kinda call each other you know. Friends to friends just like everybody would do. But, mostly what we all concern about: How…how is life doing over there? But, everybody wants to go back home. So, basically. BH: Back home to Burma? BHI: [repeating question in Karen] AWI: Yes, to Burma. But, in Karen State particularly. To that state, yeah. BH: Cool. Thank you. AWI: Good? MG: Thank you. AW: Thank you. [End recording-39:52] Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource transcripts; application/pdf 146517 Bytes Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/p16944coll14/id/82 Language A language of the resource eng; kar Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Digitized by : Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library Relation A related resource Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project An inventory for this collection can be found at : http://nwda.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv67609 Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project Digital Collection Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Special Collections and Archives, phone (435) 797-2663; Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project, FOLK COLL 59 Subject The topic of the resource Karen State, Burma, Refugee camp, Immigration, Family, Languages, School, Citizenship test. Title A name given to the resource Aye Win interview, May 19, 2015 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text; Cache Valley Refugee Oral History Project https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/a557e5e1c5feb2b735d6e75e12d40ec0.pdf a5da664c614772c6b4cae7468aa853eb Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Extension, Enterprise, Education - Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Weber County (Utah); 1920-1929; 20th century; Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Thomas, W. Preston; Robinson, E.W.; Agren, Ellen; Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1920 Description An account of the resource Signed annual reports of the Agricultural, Home Demonstration, and Boy's and Girl's Club extension work for Weber County in 1920. Annual reports narrate the agricultural extension work carried out in Weber County, including reports on irrigation, weed control, community improvement projects, livestock, grazing, insect control, and seed certification programs as well as the Home Economic extension work , including reports on projects regarding food preparation, home management, clothing, beautification, livestock, home reading, and local community projects, and the Boy's and Girl's Club annual report gives estimates on projects, meetings, and demonstrations regarding agricultural and home demonstration work performed for or by children and young adults. These annual report are signed by the County Agent Leader. See '1920 Weber County Annual Report of Agricultural Extension Work - Unsigned' and the '1920 Weber County Annual Report of Home Demonstration Extension Work - Unsigned' for additional copies of these reports and views of the photographs included in them.; Photograph Collection P0138 inventory: http://uda-db.orbiscascade.org/findaid/ark:/80444/xv31335 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SCAUA-19p01s01c47Bx0088aFd1920E.pdf Language A language of the resource eng; Relation A related resource University Extension Service Reports, University Archives, 19.1/1:47 Boxes 8, 8a, 9, 10, 11; Utah State University County Extension Agent Report Photograph Collection P0138; Extension, Enterprise, and Education: the Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperation in Utah Digital Collection; Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Libraries USU Archives curator, phone (435) 797-0894.; Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library; Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections & Archives, University Extension Service Reports, University Archives, 19.1/1:47 Boxes 8, 8a, 9, 10, 11; Utah State University County Extension Agent Report Photograph Collection P0138 Box 17, Folders 14a, 14b, 15a, 15b, 16a, and 16b; Subject The topic of the resource Agricultural extension work--Publications--Utah--Weber County; Home economics extension work--Publications--Utah--Weber County; Boy's Club (Weber County); Girl's Club (Weber County); Title A name given to the resource 1920 Weber County Annual Report of Agricultural, Home Demonstration, and Boy's and Girl's Club Extension Work; Type The nature or genre of the resource Text; Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Extension, Enterprise, Education - Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Weber County (Utah); 1950-1959; 20th century; Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Christiansen, A.L.; Martin, Maud; Huber, Thelma; Broadbent, Marden; Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1951 Description An account of the resource Annual report of the Extension Work, Agricultural Agent, Weber County, State of Utah, 1951, by A.L. Christiansen, County Agricultural Extension Agent; Maud Martin, Home Demonstration Agent; Marden Broadbent, Assistant Director for Agriculture; and Thelma Huber, Assistant Director for Home Economics. From November 1, 1950 to October 31, 1951. Annual reports narrate the agricultural extension work carried out in Weber County, including reports on irrigation, weed control, community improvement projects, livestock, grazing, insect control, and seed certification programs as well as annual reports of the Home Economic extension work carried out in Weber County, including reports on projects regarding food preparation, home management, clothing, beautification, Girl's Clubs, livestock, home reading, and local community projects.; Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SCAUA-19p01s01c47Bx0092Fd1951.pdf Language A language of the resource eng; Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Utah State University. Cooperative Extension Service; United States. Office of Cooperative Extension Work; Relation A related resource University Extension Service Reports, University Archives, 19.1/1:47 Boxes 8, 8a, 9, 10, 11; Extension, Enterprise, and Education: the Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperation in Utah Digital Collection; Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Libraries USU Archives curator, phone (435) 797-0894.; Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library; Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, University Extension Service Reports, University Archives, 19.1/1:47 Boxes 8, 8a, 9, 10, 11; Subject The topic of the resource Agricultural extension work--Publications--Utah--Weber County; Home economics extension work--Publications--Utah--Weber County; Title A name given to the resource 1951 Weber County Annual Report of Agricultural and Home Demonstration Extension Work; Type The nature or genre of the resource Text; https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/b8b98d9080bb7b367181cc9bf87835e1.pdf bd354d5f41fc99c75395d7aa6657d36b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Extension, Enterprise, Education - Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Weber County (Utah); 1950-1959; 20th century; Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Burmingham, Melvin S.; Martin, Maud; Boyer, Fay W.; Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1956 Description An account of the resource Annual report of the Extension Work, Agricultural Agent, Weber County, State of Utah, 1956, by Melvin S. Burmingham, County Agricultural Extension Agent; Fay W. Boyer, Assistant County Agricultural Extension Agent; and Maud Martin, Home Demonstration Agent. From November 1, 1955 to October 31, 1956. Annual reports narrate the agricultural extension work carried out in Weber County, including reports on irrigation, weed control, community improvement projects, livestock, grazing, insect control, and seed certification programs as well as annual reports of the Home Economic extension work carried out in Weber County, including reports on projects regarding food preparation, home management, clothing, beautification, Girl's Clubs, livestock, home reading, and local community projects.; Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SCAUA-19p01s01c47Bx0092Fd1956A.pdf Language A language of the resource eng; Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Utah State University. Cooperative Extension Service; United States. Office of Cooperative Extension Work; Relation A related resource University Extension Service Reports, University Archives, 19.1/1:47 Boxes 8, 8a, 9, 10, 11; Extension, Enterprise, and Education: the Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperation in Utah Digital Collection; Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Libraries USU Archives curator, phone (435) 797-0894.; Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library; Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, University Extension Service Reports, University Archives, 19.1/1:47 Boxes 8, 8a, 9, 10, 11; Subject The topic of the resource Agricultural extension work--Publications--Utah--Weber County; Home economics extension work--Publications--Utah--Weber County; Title A name given to the resource 1956 Weber County Annual Report of Agricultural and Home Demonstration Extension Work; Type The nature or genre of the resource Text; https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/158bef04876569f7973105c1786930d7.pdf 1635e87a1dc49707222f03301b3c85f5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Extension, Enterprise, Education - Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Weber County (Utah); 1950-1959; 20th century; Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Burmingham, Melvin S.; Martin, Maud; Boyer, Fay W.; Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1957 Description An account of the resource Annual report of the Extension Work, Agricultural Agent, Weber County, State of Utah, 1957, by Melvin S. Burmingham, County Agricultural Extension Agent; Fay W. Boyer, Assistant County Agricultural Extension Agent; and Maud Martin, Home Demonstration Agent. From November 1, 1956 to October 31, 1957. Annual reports narrate the agricultural extension work carried out in Weber County, including reports on irrigation, weed control, community improvement projects, livestock, grazing, insect control, and seed certification programs as well as annual reports of the Home Economic extension work carried out in Weber County, including reports on projects regarding food preparation, home management, clothing, beautification, Girl's Clubs, livestock, home reading, and local community projects.; Photograph Collection P0138 inventory: http://uda-db.orbiscascade.org/findaid/ark:/80444/xv31335 ; Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SCAUA-19p01s01c47Bx0092Fd1957.pdf Language A language of the resource eng; Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Utah State University. Cooperative Extension Service; United States. Office of Cooperative Extension Work; Relation A related resource University Extension Service Reports, University Archives, 19.1/1:47 Boxes 8, 8a, 9, 10, 11; Utah State University County Extension Agent Report Photograph Collection P0138; Extension, Enterprise, and Education: the Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperation in Utah Digital Collection; Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Libraries USU Archives curator, phone (435) 797-0894.; Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library; Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, University Extension Service Reports, University Archives, 19.1/1:47 Boxes 8, 8a, 9, 10, 11; Utah State University County Extension Agent Report Photograph Collection P0138 Box 23, Folder 28; Subject The topic of the resource Agricultural extension work--Publications--Utah--Weber County; Home economics extension work--Publications--Utah--Weber County; Title A name given to the resource 1957 Weber County Annual Report of Agricultural and Home Demonstration Extension Work; Type The nature or genre of the resource Text; https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/70ab0e72b6f2bdedc0fbbfc0adc02eb9.pdf 5b56572681a06140041ef111506a9c80 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Extension, Enterprise, Education - Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Weber County (Utah); 1940-1949; 20th century; Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Christiansen, A.L.; Conrad, Max E.; Seegmiller, Deola; Wilkinson, Lelwin F.; Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943 Description An account of the resource Annual report of the Extension Work, Agicultural Agent, Weber County, State of Utah, 1943, by A.L. Christiansen, County Agricultural Extension Agent; Max E. Conrad, Assistant Agricultural Extension Agent; Lelwin F. Wilkinson, Assistant Agricultural Extension Agent; Deola Seegmiller, Home Demonstration Agent; W.W. Owens, Assitant Director for Agriculture. From November 1, 1942 to October 31, 1942. Annual reports narrate the agricultural extension work carried out in Weber County, including reports on irrigation, weed control, community improvement projects, livestock, grazing, insect control, and seed certification programs as well as annual reports of the Home Economic extension work carried out in Weber County, including reports on projects regarding food preparation, home management, clothing, beautification, Girl's Clubs, livestock, home reading, and local community projects.; Photograph Collection P0138 inventory: http://uda-db.orbiscascade.org/findaid/ark:/80444/xv31335 ; Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/coops/id/20526 Language A language of the resource eng; Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Utah State University. Cooperative Extension Service; United States. Office of Cooperative Extension Work; Relation A related resource University Extension Service Reports, University Archives, 19.1/1:47 Boxes 8, 8a, 9, 10, 11; Utah State University County Extension Agent Report Photograph Collection P0138; Extension, Enterprise, and Education: the Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperation in Utah Digital Collection; Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Libraries USU Archives curator, phone (435) 797-0894.; Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library; Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, University Extension Service Reports, University Archives, 19.1/1:47 Boxes 8, 8a, 9, 10, 11 and Utah State University County Extension Agent Report Photograph Collection P0138 Box 22, Folders 12-14; Subject The topic of the resource Agricultural extension work--Publications--Utah--Weber County; Home economics extension work--Publications--Utah--Weber County; Title A name given to the resource 1943 Weber County Annual Report of Agricultural and Home Demonstration Extension Work; Type The nature or genre of the resource Text; https://exhibits.usu.edu/files/original/0a17e172112e063a3f530dff31c1bb9e.pdf b8b94fb29fdcde4b11e712b3b3cf225b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Extension, Enterprise, Education - Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Weber County (Utah); 1940-1949; 20th century; Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Christiansen, A.L.; Burtenshaw, Ray; Wrigley, R.L.; Davidson, Myrtle; Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1944 Description An account of the resource Annual report of the Extension Work, Agicultural Agent, Weber County, State of Utah, 1944, by A.L. Christiansen, County Agricultural Extension Agent; Ray Burtenshaw, Assistant County Agent; Maud Martin, Home Demonstration Agent; R.L. Wrigley, Assitant Director for Agriculture, and Myrtle Davidson, Assistant Director for Home Economics. From November 1, 1943 to October 31, 1944. Annual reports narrate the agricultural extension work carried out in Weber County, including reports on irrigation, weed control, community improvement projects, livestock, grazing, insect control, and seed certification programs as well as annual reports of the Home Economic extension work carried out in Weber County, including reports on projects regarding food preparation, home management, clothing, beautification, Girl's Clubs, livestock, home reading, and local community projects.; Photograph Collection P0138 inventory: http://uda-db.orbiscascade.org/findaid/ark:/80444/xv31335 ; Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SCAUA-19p01s01c47Bx0091Fd1944.pdf Language A language of the resource eng; Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Utah State University. Cooperative Extension Service; United States. Office of Cooperative Extension Work; Relation A related resource University Extension Service Reports, University Archives, 19.1/1:47 Boxes 8, 8a, 9, 10, 11; Utah State University County Extension Agent Report Photograph Collection P0138; Extension, Enterprise, and Education: the Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperation in Utah Digital Collection; Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Libraries USU Archives curator, phone (435) 797-0894.; Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library; Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, University Extension Service Reports, University Archives, 19.1/1:47 Boxes 8, 8a, 9, 10, 11 and Utah State University County Extension Agent Report Photograph Collection P0138 Box 22, Folders 15-20; Subject The topic of the resource Agricultural extension work--Publications--Utah--Weber County; Home economics extension work--Publications--Utah--Weber County; Title A name given to the resource 1944 Weber County Annual Report of Agricultural and Home Demonstration Extension Work; Type The nature or genre of the resource Text;